Superficial siderosis and nonobstructive hydrocephalus due to subependymoma in the ventricle: An illustrative case report

Abstract

Background: Intraventricular tumors can generally result in obstructive hydrocephalus as they grow. Rarely, however, some intraventricular tumors develop superficial siderosis (SS) and trigger hydrocephalus, even though the tumor has hardly grown. Here, we present an illustrative case of SS and nonocclusive hydrocephalus caused by subependymoma of the lateral ventricles. Case Description: A 78-year-old man with an intraventricular tumor diagnosed 7 years ago had been suffering from gait disturbance for 2 years. He also developed cognitive impairment. Intraventricular tumors showed little growth on annual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI T2-star weighted images (T2*WI) captured small intratumoral hemorrhages from the beginning of the follow-up. Three years before, at the same time as the onset of ventricular enlargement, T2*WI revealed low intensity in the whole tumor and cerebral surface. Subsequent follow-up revealed that this hemosiderin deposition had spread to the brain stem and cerebellar surface, and the ventricles had expanded further. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed xanthochromia. The tumor was completely removed en bloc. Histopathological findings were consistent with those of subependymoma. Although CSF findings improved, SS and hydrocephalus did not improve. Therefore, the patient underwent a lumboperitoneal shunt for CSF diversion after tumor resection. Conclusion: Some intraventricular tumors cause SS and nonobstructive hydrocephalus due to microbleeding, even in the absence of tumor growth. T2*WI and, if necessary, timely CSF examination can allow identification of presymptomatic SS. This follow-up strategy may provide a favorable course by facilitating early intervention in patients with intraventricular lesions, not just subependymomas.

Vascular complications in patients with brain tumors

“…Other rare vascular complications in brain tumor patients include subarachnoid or subdural hematomas from direct extension of bleeding-prone tumors to these spaces [36,37]; superficial siderosis from persistent microhemorrhage, which may be a cause of nonobstructive hydrocephalus [38]; and neoplastic aneurysms from embolization of systemic tumor cells into the cerebral vasculature [39].…”