Supercritical solvent selection (CO2 versus ethane) and optimization of operating conditions of the extraction of lycopene from tomato residues: Innovative analysis of extraction curves by a response surface methodology and cost of manufacturing hybrid approach

Gac oil and carotenes production using supercritical CO2: Sensitivity analysis and process optimization through a RSM–COM hybrid approach

“…In particular, the use of SFE with CO 2 is known to bring many advantages to the production of edible oils: supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) is non-toxic, chemically inert, inexpensive and environmentally friendly. In addition, the solvent capacity of SC-CO 2 can be tuned upon the manipulation of operating conditions of the process such as pressure and temperature, allowing the enhancement of its selectivity toward extracts richer in key molecules, and the maximization of its economic performance in terms of an improved production [4][5][6]. In addition, variables such as flow rate, particle size, or cosolvent addition are also of significant importance for attaining favorable productivity and cost effectiveness scenarios.…”

“…Moreover, the production cost of 755 D kg −1 carotenes seems not an unbearable economic hurdle at least considering reported quotations of lycopene and ␤-carotene (small scale purchasing reality), ranging from 10 4 to 10 5 D kg -1 for individual purities greater than 90% [6,44]. The most competitive COM carotenes achieved in this work provide enough economic margin to devise and match a posterior purification stage of the supercritical extracts of gac aril, which can be of chemical [45,46] or adsorptive [47] nature.…”

Agro-industrial tomato by-products and extraction of functional food ingredients

“…fruits into tomato products generates large amounts of by-products (peel, pulp and seeds). These by-products create major disposal problems for the industry in terms of costs and potential negative impact on the environment, but they also represent a promising, low-cost source of carotenoids (primarily lycopene) which may be used in the end-products because of their favourable nutritional and technological properties (Silva et al, 2014). The human diet can help reduce the risk of certain diseases and improve the quality of life (Korhonen, 2002;Kaur, Das, 2011).…”

“…In addition, supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has higher selectivity for extraction of some value added ingredients from various plant materials including agro-industrial by-products (Lenucci et al, 2010;Perretti et al, 2013;Silva et al, 2014). Despite considerable research focused on the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extraction of tomato by-products, deeper knowledge concerning lycopene extracts and their biological activities is still lacking.…”

Subcritical Water Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Waste

“…Some studies have found that tomato skins contain up to five times more lycopene than the pulp. So far, several methods have been introduced for extracting lycopene from tomato waste, such as organic solvents extraction, supercritical fluid extraction [3], ultrasound assisted extraction, and ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) [4]. The conventional method for extracting lycopene from tomato uses non-polar organic solvents, such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and acetone.…”