Supercritical fluid extraction of s-triazines and phenylurea herbicides from sediment

Robertson, A. MacG.; Lester, J.N.

doi:10.1021/es00051a023

Cited by 59 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A further tranche of more than 20 standards for chemicals designated as 'specific pollutants' under Annex VIII of the WFD is under consultation at the UK national level. The wide range of chemicals involved (Bedding et al 1982;Gonzalez et al 2012;Kolpin et al 2002) and the analytical difficulty of working at ng/L levels (Buisson et al, 1984) in a complex matrix such as wastewater (Robertson and Lester, 1994) make this a challenging proposition. In order to address this, the UK water industry has initiated an ambitious programme of investigations the Chemicals Investigation Programme (CIP) which is coordinated by the UK Water Industry Research (UKWIR) organisation as part of the UK National Environment Programme.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The significance of hazardous chemicals in wastewater treatment works effluents

Gardner

Comber

Scrimshaw

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

123

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The advent of increasingly stringent and wider ranging European Union legislation relating to water and the environment has required regulators to assess compliance risk and to respond by formulating appropriate pollution control measures. To support this process the UK Water Industry has completed a national Chemicals Investigation Programme (CIP), to monitor over 160 wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) for 70 determinands. Final effluent concentrations of zinc, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene), "penta" congeners (BDEs) 47 and 99, tributyltin, triclosan, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, ibuprofen, propranolol, fluoxetine, diclofenac, 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinyl estradiol exceeded existing or proposed Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) in over 50% of WwTWs. Dilution by receiving water might ensure compliance with EQSs for these chemicals, apart from the BDEs. However, in some cases there will be insufficient dilution to ensure compliance and additional management options may be required.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The significance of hazardous chemicals in wastewater treatment works effluents

Gardner

Comber

Scrimshaw

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

123

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“…Studies of the fate and behaviour of EDCs during anaerobic digestion are limited [11]. Undoubtedly the analytical difficulties of determining these compounds in such complex matrices at environmental concentrations (ng g-1) have been a major constraint on such research [12,13]. However, some studies have been undertaken.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion in removing estrogens and nonylphenol ethoxylates

Paterakis

Chiu

Koh

et al. 2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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The fate and behaviour of two groups of endocrine disrupting chemicals, steroid estrogens and nonylphenol ethoxylates, have been evaluated during the anaerobic digestion of primary and mixed sewage sludge under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Digestion occurred over six retention times, in laboratory scale reactors, treating sludges collected from a sewage treatment works in the United Kingdom. It has been established that sludge concentrations of both groups of compounds demonstrated temporal variations and that concentrations in mixed sludge were influenced by the presence of waste activated sludge as a result of transformations during aerobic treatment. The biodegradation of total steroid estrogens was>50% during primary sludge digestion with lower removals observed for mixed sludge, which reflected bulk organic solids removal efficiencies. The removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates was greater in mixed sludge digestion (>58%) compared with primary sludge digestion and did not reflect bulk organic removal efficiencies. It is apparent that anaerobic digestion reduces the concentrations of these compounds, and would therefore be expected to confer a degree of protection against exposure and transfer of both groups of compounds to the receiving/re-use environment.

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“…However, many emerging contaminants are compounds which have been in use for many years, but recent developments in environmental analysis eliminating problems associated with co-extractives and low detection limits (Buisson et al 1984, Robertson et al 1994 have been overcome allowing their environmental fate and behavior to be elucidated, identifying issues which have given rise to concerns (Ternes et al 2004). The insecticide permethrin, [3-(phenoxy)phenyl] methyl 3-(2,2-dichloro-ethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate, is one such example 4 developed in 1973, it is a synthetic analogue of the natural permethrins (Baser et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pharmaceutical Use of Permethrin: Sources and Behavior During Municipal Sewage Treatment

Turner

Cartmell

Lester

et al. 2010

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Permethrin entered use in the 1970's as an insecticide with a wide range of applications, including agriculture, horticultural and forestry, which have since been restricted. In the twenty first century, the presence of permethrin in the aquatic environment has been attributed to its use as a human and veterinary pharmaceutical, in particular as a pedeculicide, in addition to other uses such as a moth proofing agent. However, as a consequence of its toxicity to fish, sources of permethrin and its fate and behavior during wastewater treatment is a topic of concern. This study has established that high overall removal of permethrin (c. 90%) was achieved during wastewater treatment and that this was strongly dependent upon the extent of biological degradation in secondary treatment, with more limited subsequent removal in tertiary treatment processes. Sources of permethrin in the catchment matched well with measured values in crude sewage and indicated that 2 domestic use accounted for over half of the load to the treatment works. However, removal may not be consistent enough to achieve the environmental quality standards now being derived in many countries even where tertiary treatment processes are applied.

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Supercritical fluid extraction of s-triazines and phenylurea herbicides from sediment

Cited by 59 publications

References 27 publications

The significance of hazardous chemicals in wastewater treatment works effluents

The significance of hazardous chemicals in wastewater treatment works effluents

The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion in removing estrogens and nonylphenol ethoxylates

The Pharmaceutical Use of Permethrin: Sources and Behavior During Municipal Sewage Treatment

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