Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Processing Byproducts

Abstract

Tomato seeds and skins acquired from the byproduct of a local tomato processing facility were studied for supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of phytochemicals. The extracts were analyzed for lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and delta-tocopherol content using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection and compared to a chemically extracted control. SFEs were carried out using CO(2) at seven temperatures (32-86 degrees C) and six pressures (13.78-48.26 MPa). The effect of CO(2) flow rate and volume also was investigated. The results indicated that the percentage of lycopene extracted increased with elevated temperature and pressure until a maximum recovery of 38.8% was reached at 86 degrees C and 34.47 MPa, after which the amount of lycopene extracted decreased. Conditions for the optimum extraction of lycopene from 3 g of raw material were determined to be 86 degrees C, 34.47 MPa, and 500 mL of CO(2) at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. These conditions resulted in the extraction of 61.0% of the lycopene (7.19 microg lycopene/g).

New Developments in Lycopene Analysis by Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Techniques, Accompanied With Mathematical Modelling

“…The product obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction at 40 MPa and 60 C contains the highest lycopene concentration of 32.52 AE 1.02 g/100 g dry material [202]. In another study carried out at almost similar conditions, the maximum recovery of lycopene (54%) and b-carotene (50%) was found at 300 bar with 5% ethanol (2 h with a 4 kg/h flow rate) [200], while 61% of lycopene was recovered at 86 C, 34.47 MPa, and 500 mL of CO 2 at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min [197].…”

“…SFE is compatible with supercritical fluid chromatography since both techniques can share the same mobile phase and devices, favoring the development of extraction and separation methodologies. This technique has been applied to successfully separate lycopene from other carotenoids in tomato fruits [43,[195][196][197][198][199].…”

Processing, Valorization and Application of Bio-Waste Derived Compounds from Potato, Tomato, Olive and Cereals: A Review

“…However, in the first two studies mentioned the extraction of lycopene is improved by using also a co-solvent like ethanol or hexane. Instead, Rozzi, et al [242] demonstrated that lycopene can be extracted with significant success from industrial tomato by-products with SFE using CO 2 without any other co-solvents. The results of this study indicated that the concentration of lycopene increased with higher temperature and pressure.…”

Pre-treatment and extraction techniques for recovery of added value compounds from wastes throughout the agri-food chain

“…195 Previous work has also looked into extracting β-carotene and lycopene as well as other carotenoids from tomato-processing waste using scCO 2 with or without the presence of cosolvent. [196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205] β-Carotene and lycopene have numerous health benefits, the latter having antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. 196,198 Winemaking is also a source of different wastes that can potentially be valorised.…”