Supercritical fluid extraction in environmental analysis

Analytical Methodologies for the Control of Particle-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds from Diesel Engine Exhaust

“…Moreover, SFE provides clean extracts because of its higher selectivity when compared to liquid solvent extraction techniques. Consequently, time consuming clean-up steps, which are also a source of analytical error, are not absolutely necessary after SFE extractions [76].…”

Analytical Methods for Viable and Rapid Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water and Soil Samples

“…The soxhlet and shaking flask extractions are time consuming and require large volume of organic solvents Hartonen et al, 1997;Schantz et al, 1998). Therefore, in order to reduce the extraction time, amount of solvent required, as well as sample amount, new extraction procedures, i.e., supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (Bøwadt & Hawthorne, 1995), microwave assisted extraction (MAE) (Eskilsson & Björklund, 2000) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) etc., have been developed as alternative techniques. More recent procedures, i.e., SFE, MAE and ASE, gave shorter extraction time and reduced solvent consumption because these extraction procedures are working at high temperatures above the boiling point of the solvent.…”

Supercritical fluid extraction as a use-ful method for pesticides determination

“…Despite a negative effect on the fluid density, elevated t e m p e rat u res usually increase re c ove ries of compounds in native matrices, mainly due to a better desorption from the m at rix [2,36]. Ye t , some pesticides (captan for ex a m p l e ) readily degrade at high temperatures; consequently, moderate temperatures should be used whenever possible.…”

“…espite attractive features (rapid extractions, small solvent volumes, non-toxicity of CO 2 , potential of selectivity depending on the fluid density, relatively clear and concentrated ex t ra c t s , p o s s i ble coupling with ch romatography and automation), the use of SFE in routine analytical ap p l i c ations is a rather slow process. Indeed, t h e major drawback of this recent technique is the large number of parameters to control and optimize, which results in time re q u i red for developing a new method.…”

“…D e t e rm i n ation of pesticides remains a ch a l l e n ge fo r mainly three reasons: the wide variety of physicochemical properties and chemical structures of pesticides, the many possible matrices that should be investigated, and the trace c o n c e n t rations at wh i ch pesticides are usually pre s e n t . Recent papers reviewed environmental applications of SFE [1,2], especially with regards to the extraction of the main classes of pesticides [3][4][5]. As SFE perfo rmances are strongly dependent on the nature of the sample, this article will consider the matrices that have been submitted to SFE for pesticides determination.…”