Supercritical fluid extraction and off-line HPLC analysis of cationic surfactants from dried sewage sludge

Breen, David G. P. A.; Horner, Jonathan M.; Bartle, Keith D.; Clifford, Anthony A.; Waters, J.; Lawrence, J. G.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(95)00185-9

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…DBAS–based QAC concentrations of LIS and BB sediments were 60 and 300 μg/g, whereas concentrations of only 1.8 and 74 μg/g were determined by HPLC-MS, respectively. In prior work, comparisons of DBAS and HPLC methods for determining QACs were much more consistent when applied to extracts of wastewaters or sludges having high DTDMAC concentrations, whereas DBAS tended to overestimate QAC concentrations in sediments and soils samples with much lower DTDMAC levels 8, 12…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Estuarine Sediments by LC−ToF-MS: Very High Positive Mass Defects of Alkylamine Ions as Powerful Diagnostic Tools for Identification and Structural Elucidation

Brownawell

2009

Anal. Chem.

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A sensitive and robust method of analysis for quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in marine sediments is presented. Methods for extraction, sample purification, and HPLC-Time-ofFlight-MS analysis were optimized, providing solutions to problems associated with analysis of QACs, such as dialkyldimethylammonium (DADMAC) and benzalkonium (BAC) compounds experienced previously. Recognized in this study are the exceptionally high positive mass defects characteristic of alkylammonium or protonated alkylamine ions. No alternative and chemicallyviable elemental formulas exist within 25.2 mDa when the number of double bond equivalents is low, effectively allowing facile discrimination of this compound class in complex mixtures. Accurate mass measurements of diagnostic collision induced dissociation fragment ions and heavy isotope peaks were obtained and also seen to be uniquely heavy compared to other elemental formulae. In the case of BACs, the ability to resolve masses of alkylamine fragment ions is greater than it is for molecular ions, opening up a wide range of potential applications. The power of utilizing a combination of approaches is illustrated with the identification of non-targeted DADMAC C8:C8 and C8:C10, two widely used biocides previously unreported in environmental samples. Concentrations of QACs in sewage-impacted estuarine sediments (up to 74 μg/g) were higher than concentrations of other organic contaminants measured in the same or nearby samples, suggesting further study is needed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Estuarine Sediments by LC−ToF-MS: Very High Positive Mass Defects of Alkylamine Ions as Powerful Diagnostic Tools for Identification and Structural Elucidation

Brownawell

2009

Anal. Chem.

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“…Several hypotheses to explain the effects of modifiers have also been proposed in various earlier literature. The addition of organic modifiers such as methanol to SF CO has 2 been shown to increase the bulk solubility and extraction effi-Ž ciency of many compounds Ashraf-Khorassani et al, 1995;Langenfeld et al, 1994;Breen et al, 1996;Lou et al, 1996; . Yang et al, 1995 . This enhanced bulk solubility can shift the matrixrfluid distribution of the analyte, resulting in favorable partitioning to the SF.…”

Section: Analysis Of Sfe Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercritical fluid extraction of surfactant from Si‐MCM‐41

Kawi

Lai

2002

AIChE Journal

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“…High abundances of QACs have been detected in sludge samples in the past time (Breen et al, 1996;Gerike et al, 1994). Mean concentrations of 3.67 g/kg (in 1991) of DTDMAC have been found in sludge from five WWTPs in Switzerland.…”

Section: Qacs In Sludgementioning

confidence: 97%

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): A review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment

Zhang

Cui

Zeng

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

475

313

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Supercritical fluid extraction and off-line HPLC analysis of cationic surfactants from dried sewage sludge

Cited by 20 publications

References 11 publications

Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Estuarine Sediments by LC−ToF-MS: Very High Positive Mass Defects of Alkylamine Ions as Powerful Diagnostic Tools for Identification and Structural Elucidation

Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Estuarine Sediments by LC−ToF-MS: Very High Positive Mass Defects of Alkylamine Ions as Powerful Diagnostic Tools for Identification and Structural Elucidation

Supercritical fluid extraction of surfactant from Si‐MCM‐41

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs): A review on occurrence, fate and toxicity in the environment

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