Supercritical CO₂ Extraction of β-Carotene and Lycopene from Tomato Paste Waste

Abstract

Lycopene and beta-carotene were extracted from tomato paste waste using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)). To optimize supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) results for the isolation of lycopene and beta-carotene, a factorial designed experiment was conducted. The factors assessed were the temperature of the extractor (35, 45, 55, and 65 degrees C), the pressure of the extraction fluid (200, 250, and 300 bar), addition of cosolvent (5, 10, and 15% ethanol), extraction time (1, 2, and 3 h), and CO(2) flow rate (2, 4, and 8 kg/h). The total amounts of lycopene and beta-carotene in the tomato paste waste, extracts, and residues were determined by HPLC. A maximum of 53.93% of lycopene was extracted by SC-CO(2) in 2 h (CO(2) flow rate = 4 kg/h) at 55 degrees C and 300 bar, with the addition of 5% ethanol as a cosolvent. Half of the initially present beta-carotene was extracted in 2 h (flow rate = 4 kg/h), at 65 degrees C and 300 bar, also with the addition of 5% ethanol.

Current options for the valorization of food manufacturing waste: a review

“…Machmudah et al (2012) discussed the extraction of lycopene from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide and proved that the presence of tomato seed in the peel by-product improved the yield of extracted lycopene. Baysal et al (2000) evaluated various operative conditions for lycopene extraction by supercritical CO 2 , varying temperature, pressure, time, CO 2 flow rate and co-solvent addition.…”

Optimization of extraction parameters on the isolation of phenolic compounds from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) pomace

“…Evaluation or recovery of food byproducts is necessary when concerning economical and environmental issues (Aguedo et al 2012;O'Shea et al 2012;Bonilla et al 1999). There are many investigations in the literature subjecting phenolic compound extraction from grape marc (Boonchu and Utama-ang 2013), apple pomace (Parmar et al 2014), pomegranate leaves and peels (Wang et al 2013;Çam and İçyer 2013), bayberry leaves (Yang et al 2012) and lycopene extraction from tomato waste (Kumcuoglu et al 2013;Baysal et al 2000). Grape marc extract has found commercial usage in the market because of its rich coloring anthocyanin and other phenolic compound content.…”

New Developments in Lycopene Analysis by Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Techniques, Accompanied With Mathematical Modelling

“…The product obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction at 40 MPa and 60 C contains the highest lycopene concentration of 32.52 AE 1.02 g/100 g dry material [202]. In another study carried out at almost similar conditions, the maximum recovery of lycopene (54%) and b-carotene (50%) was found at 300 bar with 5% ethanol (2 h with a 4 kg/h flow rate) [200], while 61% of lycopene was recovered at 86 C, 34.47 MPa, and 500 mL of CO 2 at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min [197].…”

“…Increasing the temperature increases the solubility of the carotenoids, which results in higher yields, but could also contribute to greater carotenoid degradation. The highest temperature used for the extraction gave the maximal extraction yield [200]. However, accounting for lycopene losses, lycopene yields at 60 C extraction temperature were 14% greater than those obtained at 70 C [201].…”