Supercooled liquid water content profiling case studies with a new vibrating wire sonde compared to a ground-based microwave radiometer

Mountain Weather: Observation and Modeling

“…It is also well established that microwave measurements alone are relatively insensitive to vertical liquid water distribution (Crewell, Ebell, Loehnert, & Turner, 2009). However, infrared cloud base temperature measurements and saturated humidity height distribution climatology (from historical radiosondes) contain additional liquid profile information (Campos, Ware, Joe, & Hudak, 2014;Serke et al, 2014). The neural network makes use of integrated liquid water (from microwave), cloud base temperature and height (from infrared and microwave) and liquid profile climatology (from historical radiosondes) in liquid profile retrievals.…”

Atmospheric thickness and vertical structure properties in wintertime precipitation events from microwave radiometer, radiosonde and wind profiler observations

“…Automated, continuous thermodynamic profiling of the MWR up to 10 km above ground level (AGL) at a high time resolution is critical for monitoring real-time thermodynamic states as well as for improving short-range forecasts of rapidly changing weather phenomena by assimilating MWR retrievals into models. Many applications that use the MWR have been documented in previous studies on boundary layer thermodynamics, clouds and precipitation (Güldner and Spänkuch, 2001;Knupp et al, 2009;Campos et al, 2014;Serke et al, 2014), retrieval of precipitable water vapour (PWV) and liquid water path (LWP) in comparison with those derived from GPS and RAOBs (Liou et al, 2001;Van Baelen et al, 2005), and convective weather nowcasts (MacDonald et al, 2002;Chan, 2009;Madhulatha et al, 2013;Venkat Ratnam et al, 2013;Cimini et al, 2014). The MWR can perform well with sufficient accuracy under both clear and cloudy sky and precipitating conditions (Chan, 2009;Ware et al, 2013;Campos et al, 2014;Serke et al, 2014;Xu et al, 2014), but retrieval errors or biases may occur in cases of heavy rain associated with rain contamination although * Correspondence: Dong-In Lee, Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea.…”

Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Variational Analysis during No-Rain and Rain Conditions

“…Differences between fixed volume radiometric observations and balloon-borne liquid sensor point measurements along an uncontrolled flight path contribute to the uncertainty. Example neural network liquid profile retrievals are provided by Ware et al 2003Ware et al , 2013Knupp et al 2009;Madonna et al 2011;Cimini et al 2011;Madhulatha et al 2013;Campos et al 2014;Serke et al 2014;and Gultepe et al 2015. The other method for the LWP profiling combines microwave radiometer and cloud radar measurements, but this method has 60% or larger liquid profile retrieval uncertainty (Ebell et al 2010).…”

“…The observation data by the ground-based microwave radiometer profiler (MWR) has been used to retrieve vertically integrated water vapor (precipitable water vapor: PWV) and liquid water (liquid water path: LWP) (e.g., Hogg et al 1983a;Wei et al 1989;Cadeddu et al 2013), and vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, water vapor density, and liquid water content (LWC) at time intervals within a few minutes (e.g., Ware et al 2003Ware et al , 2013Campos et al 2014;Serke et al 2014;Gultepe et al 2015). For the retrieval of vertical thermodynamic profiles, various inversion methods have been proposed such as statistical inversion methods, multivariate regressions, neural networks (NN; e.g., Hogg et al 1983b;Solheim et al 1998;Cadeddu et al 2009), and variational techniques (e.g., Löhnert et al 2004;Hewison et al 2007;Cimini et al 2006Cimini et al , 2010Cimini et al , 2011Cimini et al , 2015Ishimoto 2015).…”