Supercapacitors for the energy management of electric vehicles

Faggioli, Eugenio; Rena, Piergeorgio; Danel, Véronique; Andrieu, X.; Mallant, Ronald K. A. M.; Kahlen, Hans

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00326-2

Cited by 201 publications

(105 citation statements)

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“…Electrochemical supercapacitors have attracted increased interest due to their higher power density and longer cycle life compared to batteries, and higher energy density compared to conventional capacitors [1][2][3][4][5]. In particular, electrochemical supercapacitors based on metal oxides can generally provide higher energy density than conventional carbon materials, and better electrochemical stability than polymer materials [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical supercapacitor behavior of nanoparticulate rutile-type Ru1−V O2

Yokoshima¹,

Shibutani²,

Hirota³

et al. 2006

Journal of Power Sources

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Rutile-type Ru 1-x V x O 2 nanoparticles possessing high surface area were prepared by a polymerizable-complex method and its electrochemical supercapacitor behavior was studied. X-ray diffractometry, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and N 2 adsorption/desorption measurements were used to characterize the structure of the products. The electrochemical supercapacitor behavior of thick and thin films was studied by cyclic voltammetry in various acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolytes.Ru 1-x V x O 2 exhibited extremely enhanced supercapacitive properties compared to pure RuO 2 . The highest surface redox activity was achieved with an acidic electrolyte.Ru 1-x V x O 2 showed negligible surface redox activity in neutral electrolytes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical supercapacitor behavior of nanoparticulate rutile-type Ru1−V O2

Yokoshima¹,

Shibutani²,

Hirota³

et al. 2006

Journal of Power Sources

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“…On the contrary, the electrochemical capacitors have 26 higher power density and longer lifetime exhibiting high coulom- 27 bic efficiency, larger current density and fast start-up response, 28 although they have a lower energy density [1,2]. Based on the 29 above considerations, the supercapacitors can be used to deliver 30 a high power demand during a short time, without damaging the 31 power train system, when hybrid-electric and fuel cell vehicles are 32 accelerated and to recover the energy when they are braked [3,4]. 33 Usually, commercial supercapacitors are made of high-surface 34 area activated carbons in various forms and work in a symmet- 35 ric mode, that is, the same activated carbon is used in the positive 36 and negative electrodes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetric hybrid capacitors based on activated carbon and activated carbon fibre–PANI electrodes

Salinas-Torres

Sieben

Lozano‐Castelló

et al. 2013

Electrochimica Acta

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“…These drives are more commonly mechanical solutions, such as the belt type CVTs in [90]. These types of transmissions can also be expanded with a signicant energy storage, such as a battery [16], supercapacitor [17], pressure vessel [30] or ywheel [85], to form a series hybrid powertrain. Regardless of the type of transmission, the innite number of gear ratios greatly increases the freedom in actively selecting the engine speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Predictive Control of Wheel Loader Transmissions

Nilsson

2015

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The cover illustrations show wheel loaders at work. The transmissions of present heavy wheel loaders are in general based on torque converters. The characteristics of this component suits these machines, especially in that it enables thrust from zero vehicle speed without risk of stalling the engine, without active control. Unfortunately, the component also causes losses which might become large compared to the transmitted power. One approach for mitigating these losses is to switch to a continuously variable transmission.Changing to such a system greatly increases the possibility, and the need, for actively selecting the engine speed, and here a conict emerges. A low engine speed is desired for high eciency but a high speed is required for high power.Heavy wheel loaders often operate according to a common repeating pattern known as the short loading cycle.This cycle is extremely transient, which makes the choice of engine operating point both important and dicult. At the same time, the repeating pattern in the operation enables a rough prediction of the future operation. One way to use the uncertain prediction is to use optimization techniques for selecting the best control actions. This requires a method for detecting the operational pattern and producing a prediction from this, to formulate a manageable optimization problem, and for solving this, and nally to actually control the machine according to the optimization results.This problem is treated in the four papers that are included in this dissertation.The rst paper describes a method for automatically detecting when the machine is operating according to any of several predened patterns. The detector uses events and automata descriptions of the cycles, which makes the method simple yet powerful. In the evaluations over 90% of the actual cycles are detected and correctly identied. The detector also enables a quick analysis of large datasets. In several of the following papers this is used to condense measured data sequences into statistical cycles for the control optimization.In the second paper dynamic programming and Pontryagin's maximum principle is applied to a simplied system consisting of a diesel engine and a generator. Methods are developed based on the maximum principle analysis, for nding the fuel optimal trajectories at output power steps, and the simplicity of the system enables a deeper analysis of these solutions. The methods are used to examine and visualize the mechanisms behind the solutions at power transients, and the models form the basis for the models in the following papers.The third paper describes two dierent concepts for implementing dynamic programming based optimal control of a hydrostatic transmission. In this system one load component forms a stochastic state constraint, and the concepts present two dierent strategies for handling this constraint. The controller concepts are evaluated through simulations, in terms of implementability, robustness against uncertainties in the prediction and fuel savings. generell kunskap om hur m...

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Supercapacitors for the energy management of electric vehicles

Cited by 201 publications

References 0 publications

Electrochemical supercapacitor behavior of nanoparticulate rutile-type Ru1−V O2

Electrochemical supercapacitor behavior of nanoparticulate rutile-type Ru1−V O2

Asymmetric hybrid capacitors based on activated carbon and activated carbon fibre–PANI electrodes

Optimal Predictive Control of Wheel Loader Transmissions

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