Super-rolloff electron tunneling transduction of nanomechanical motion using frequency downmixing

Kan, Meng; Fortin, D. C.; Finley, Eric; Cheng, Kar-Mun; Freeman, M. R.; Hiebert, Wayne K.

doi:10.1063/1.3527931

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The motion of the mechanical resonator modulates the electron or photon transmission and the temperature dependence of the thermal noise spectra, a backaction temperature of 0.7 K is found, which is larger than expected from the momentum carried by the tunneling electrons. Kan et al used a similar technique where an STM tip was positioned above a MEMS resonator [283]. The current modulation due to the resonator motion was down-mixed (Sec.…”

Section: Transmission Modulation Based Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical systems in the quantum regime

2012

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Mechanical systems are ideal candidates for studying quantum behavior of macroscopic objects. To this end, a mechanical resonator has to be cooled to its ground state and its position has to be measured with great accuracy. Currently, various routes to reach these goals are being explored. In this review, we discuss different techniques for sensitive position detection and we give an overview of the cooling techniques that are being employed. The latter include sideband cooling and active feedback cooling. The basic concepts that are important when measuring on mechanical systems with high accuracy and/or at very low temperatures, such as thermal and quantum noise, linear response theory, and backaction, are explained. From this, the quantum limit on linear position detection is obtained and the sensitivities that have been achieved in recent opto and nanoelectromechanical experiments are compared to this limit. The mechanical resonators that are used in the experiments range from meter-sized gravitational wave detectors to nanomechanical systems that can only be read out using mesoscopic devices such as single-electron transistors or superconducting quantum interference devices. A special class of nanomechanical systems are bottom-up fabricated carbon-based devices, which have very high frequencies and yet a large zero-point motion, making them ideal for reaching the quantum regime. The mechanics of some of the different mechanical systems at the nanoscale is studied. We conclude this review with an outlook of how state-of-the-art mechanical resonators can be improved to study quantum mechanics

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Section: Transmission Modulation Based Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical systems in the quantum regime

2012

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“…The interactions studied here may be useful for the design of future micro and nanoelectromechanical systems for mechanical signal processing; they may also help realize coupled mechanical modes for experiments in non-linear dynamics. [6,7]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A mechanical signal processor [2] may soon become a reality if the primary operations during the processing can be performed mechanically -i.e., using the mechanical motion of MEMS and NEMS. There is thus a focused research effort to realize micro-and nano-mechanical switching [3], mixing [9][4] [8], amplification [5] and modulation [6,7].…”

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confidence: 99%

Dynamic interactions between oscillating cantilevers: Nanomechanical modulation using surface forces

Basarir

Ekinci

2013

Applied Physics Letters

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Dynamic interactions between two oscillating micromechanical cantilevers are studied. In the experiment, the tip of a high-frequency cantilever is positioned near the surface of a second lowfrequency cantilever. Due to the highly nonlinear interaction forces between the two surfaces, thermal oscillations of the low-frequency cantilever modulate the driven oscillations of the highfrequency cantilever. The dissipations and the frequencies of the two cantilevers are shown to be coupled, and a simple model for the interactions is presented. The interactions studied here may be useful for the design of future micro and nanoelectromechanical systems for mechanical signal processing; they may also help realize coupled mechanical modes for experiments in non-linear dynamics. [6,7]. Miniaturized mechanical devicesHere, we study dynamic interactions between two oscillating micromechanical cantilevers and harvest these interactions for mechanical signal modulation and detection. In the experiment, the carrier signal from a high-frequency microcantilever oscillator is modulated by low-frequency thermal oscillations of a second microcantilever by simply bringing the two microcantilevers close together. The approach relies upon the strong inherent nonlinearity of the interaction force between two surfaces in close proximity and offers several advantages. The modulation is purely mechanical, and mechanical signals need not be converted to electrical signals. The strength of the coupling between the two mechanical signals, and hence the modulation index, can be adjusted by changing the distance between the two microcantilevers. Conservative and dissipative components of the interaction enable tuning of the frequencies and dissipation. Conversely, monitoring the modulation on the carrier signal allows for sensitive mechanical displacement detection. Because the approach offers prospects for creating coupled mechanical modes [10] with tunable coupling, it may be useful in fundamental investigations in nonlinear dynamics.Our approach is derived from dynamic mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). Related to our work here, various AFM modalities have been used to detect the motion of micro-and nano-mechanical resonators. In these

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Nanophotonic detection of side-coupled nanomechanical cantilevers

Sauer

Diao

Freeman

et al. 2012

Applied Physics Letters

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A silicon nanophotonic Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is used to detect the mechanical resonance of a cantilever external to a nanophotonic waveguide. Small cantilever devices, below the cut-off for waveguide supported modes, are fabricated ∼140 nm away from one MZI arm. Cantilever resonant frequencies up to 60 MHz are measured with mechanical quality factors around 20 000 and signal to noise ratios up to 1000. Phase-locked loop frequency stability measurements indicate a mass sensitivity of 2 zg in an example cantilever of 0.5 pg mass. An interferometric transduction mechanism is confirmed, and the system is shown to work effectively in all-optical operation.

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Super-rolloff electron tunneling transduction of nanomechanical motion using frequency downmixing

Cited by 7 publications

References 24 publications

Mechanical systems in the quantum regime

Mechanical systems in the quantum regime

Dynamic interactions between oscillating cantilevers: Nanomechanical modulation using surface forces

Nanophotonic detection of side-coupled nanomechanical cantilevers

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