Super

Abstract

Aims. The SINFONI survey for Unveiling the Physics and Effect of Radiative feedback (SUPER) was designed to conduct a blind search for AGN-driven outflows on X-ray-selected AGNs at redshift z ∼ 2 with high (∼2 kpc) spatial resolution, and to correlate them with the properties of their host galaxy and central black hole. The main aims of this paper are: (a) to derive reliable estimates for the masses of the black holes and accretion rates for the Type-1 AGNs in this survey; and (b) to characterise the properties of the AGN-driven winds in the broad line region (BLR). Methods. We analysed rest-frame optical and UV spectra of 21 Type-1 AGNs. We used Hα, Hβ, and MgII line profiles to estimate the masses of the black holes. We used the blueshift of the CIV line profile to trace the presence of winds in the BLR. Results. We find that the Hα and Hβ line widths are strongly correlated, as is the line continuum luminosity at 5100 Å with Hα line luminosity, resulting in a well-defined correlation between black hole masses estimated from Hα and Hβ. Using these lines, we estimate that the black hole masses for our objects are in the range Log (MBH/M⊙) = 8.4–10.8 and are accreting at λEdd = 0.04–1.3. Furthermore, we confirm the well-known finding that the CIV line width does not correlate with the Balmer lines and the peak of the line profile is blueshifted with respect to the [OIII]-based systemic redshift. These findings support the idea that the CIV line is tracing outflowing gas in the BLR for which we estimated velocities up to ∼4700 km s−1. We confirm the strong dependence of the BLR wind velocity on the UV-to-X-ray continuum slope, the bolometric luminosity, and Eddington ratio. We infer BLR mass outflow rates in the range 0.005–3 M⊙ yr−1, revealing a correlation with the bolometric luminosity consistent with that observed for ionised winds in the narrow line region (NLR), and X-ray winds detected in local AGNs, and kinetic power ∼10−7 − 10−4 × LBol. The coupling efficiencies predicted by AGN-feedback models are much higher than the values reported for the BLR winds in the SUPER sample; although it should be noted that only a fraction of the energy injected by the AGN into the surrounding medium is expected to become kinetic power in the outflow. Finally, we find an anti-correlation between the equivalent width of the [OIII] line and the CIV velocity shift, and a positive correlation between this latter parameter and [OIII] outflow velocity. These findings, for the first time in an unbiased sample of AGNs at z ∼ 2, support a scenario where BLR winds are connected to galaxy-scale detected outflows, and are therefore capable of affecting the gas in the NLR located at kiloparsec scale distances.

Super

“…Moreover, SINFONI and ALMA targets share the same properties and selection criteria (see Circosta et al 2018). In Table 1, the targets with good-quality SINFONI data from our Large Program are flagged (Kakkad et al 2020;Vietri et al 2020;Perna et al in prep.). This distinction is made for future reference since we defer the comparison of outflow and molecular gas properties obtained from the SINFONI and ALMA datasets, respectively, to a future paper.…”

“…We measured stellar masses in the range log(M * /M ) = 9.6−11.2, FIR luminosities log(L FIR /erg s −1 ) < 45.0−46.4, SFRs < 25−686 M yr −1 , and AGN bolometric luminosities mainly in the range log(L bol /erg s −1 ) = 44.7−46.9 covering two orders of magnitude. In Table A.1 we also report black hole masses, collected from the literature (Menzel et al 2016) and measured from our SINFONI dataset (Vietri et al 2020) as well as spectra available from SDSS and the COSMOS survey. The results range between 10 7.64 and 10 10.04 M .…”

“…We converted their X-ray luminosities (discussed in the main text) into bolometric ones by using the relation derived byDuras et al (2020). We compared these values to the estimates of bolometric luminosities derived from the continuum at 1450 Å(Runnoe et al 2012;Vietri et al 2020) and they are consistent within the scatter of the Duras et al relation (∼0.4 dex). 6 https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/xanadu/xspec/…”

The role of AGN feedback in the baryon cycle at z ∼ 2

“…We have measured the velocity shift of the CIV with respect to the laboratory wavelength, which is defined as v CIV 50 = (λ half -1549.48)*c/1549.48, where λ half is the wavelength that bisects the cumulative total line flux, and c the speed of light. We detected outflow velocities in the BLR up to 5000 km/s (Vietri et al 2020). From those and the radius of the BLR we estimated the kinetic energy associated with these winds.…”

“…. Kinetic coupling efficies obtained for the BLR winds (blue circles), NLR winds (red circles) for the SUPER targets (Vietri et al 2020). We also show a collection of UFOs from Fiore et al (2017).…”