³¹P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle: Experts' consensus recommendations

Abstract

Skeletal muscle phosphorus-31 31 P MRS is the oldest MRS methodology to be applied to in vivo metabolic research. The technical requirements of 31 P MRS in skeletal muscle depend on the research question, and to assess those questions requires understanding both the relevant muscle physiology, and how 31 P MRS methods can probe it. Here we consider basic signal-acquisition parameters related to radio frequency excitation, TR, TE, spectral resolution, shim and localisation. We make specific recommendations for studies of resting and exercising muscle, including magnetisation transfer, and for data processing. We summarise the metabolic information that can be quantitatively assessed with 31 P MRS, either measured directly or derived by calculations that depend on particular metabolic models, and we give advice on potential problems of interpretation. We give expected values and tolerable ranges for some measured quantities, and minimum requirements for reporting acquisition parameters and experimental results in publications. Reliable examination

Repeatability of multinuclear interleaved acquisitions with nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in dynamic experiments in the calf muscle at 3T

“…Our τ PCr values were similar to those found elsewhere, 32 ], and pH rest were also within expected ranges. 32 [PCr rest ]/[TCr] ratios from the interleaved (0.82 ± 0.06) and 31 P-only measures (0.80 ± 0.07) were also in agreement with a 13 C MRS study (0.80 ± 0.05) in the calf.…”

Measuring skeletal muscle morphology and architecture with imaging modalities in children with cerebral palsy: a scoping review

“…In addition, studies reporting on the muscle of both limbs of a child with bilateral CP need to recognize that this does not equate to two unrelated samples; statistical adjustments may be appropriate. Future studies of muscle in children with CP will also need to incorporate evolving assessments of muscle mechanical properties (such as stiffness) and also consider how best to measure metabolic function of individual muscles 119,120 . Studies that incorporate all of these parameters will allow a better understanding of how changes in muscle morphology, altered mechanical properties, and metabolic processes intersect to impact on overall skeletal muscle functioning.…”

“…Future studies of muscle in children with CP will also need to incorporate evolving assessments of muscle mechanical properties (such as stiffness) and also consider how best to measure metabolic function of individual muscles. 119,120 Studies that incorporate all of these parameters will allow a better understanding of how changes in muscle morphology, altered mechanical properties, and metabolic processes intersect to impact on overall skeletal muscle functioning. Finally, moving forward, we need to remember the person at the centre of our work.…”

Comparison of four 31P single‐voxel MRS sequences in the human brain at 9.4 T

“…Furthermore, the relatively large voxels placed very close to the skull to exploit the highest possible B + 1 of the surface coil mode might have led to contamination from extracranial muscles in the neck area, which would increase the PCr concentration. 72 Concentration differences between the two different voxel sizes might also be a result of voxel placement. Because the voxels were positioned as close to the skull as possible, independent of the voxel size, the tissue-volume fractions are different.…”