Histotripsy is a noninvasive and
nonthermal ultrasound ablation
technique, which mechanically ablates the tissues using very short,
focused, high-pressured ultrasound pulses to generate dense cavitating
bubble cloud. Histotripsy requires large negative pressures (≥28
MPa) to generate cavitation in the target tissue, guided by real-time
ultrasound imaging guidance. The high cavitation threshold and reliance
on real-time image guidance are potential limitations of histotripsy,
particularly for the treatment of multifocal or metastatic cancers.
To address these potential limitations, we have recently developed
nanoparticle-mediated histotripsy (NMH) where perfluorocarbon (PFC)-filled
nanodroplets (NDs) with the size of ∼200 nm were used as cavitation
nuclei for histotripsy, as they are able to significantly lower the
cavitation threshold. However, although NDs were shown to be an effective
histotripsy agent, they pose several issues. Their generation requires
multistep synthesis, they lack long-term stability, and determination
of PFC concentration in the treatment dose is not possible. In this
study, PFC-filled nanocones (NCs) were developed as a new generation
of histotripsy agents to address the mentioned limitations of NDs.
The developed NCs represent an inclusion complex of methylated β-cyclodextrin
as a water-soluble analog of β-cyclodextrin and perfluorohexane
(PFH) as more effective PFC derivatives for histotripsy. Results showed
that NCs are easy to produce, biocompatible, have a size <50 nm,
and have a quantitative complexation that allows us to directly calculate
the PFH amount in the used NC dose. Results further demonstrated that
NCs embedded into tissue-mimicking phantoms generated histotripsy
cavitation “bubble clouds” at a significantly lower
transducer amplitude compared to control phantoms, demonstrating the
ability of NCs to function as effective histotripsy agents for NMH.