Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations

Abstract

BACKGROUND Ra (Re) was the primary name of the sun god of Ancient Egypt. According to Osiris myth, Nut, the mother of Osiris swallowed the setting sun (Ra) each evening and gave birth to him each morning. The Ancient Egyptians were well aware of the dangers of the sun. Their lands were scorched with heat. Women protected their skin, preferring light skin to dark in their cultural hierarchy of beauty. Recent discoveries written on papyri and the walls of several tombs unearthed ingredients and formulations in use in Ancient Egypt specifically addressing issues of sun damage to the hair and skin. Also, a brief historical review manifests the following interesting things indeed: ▪ Jasmin was used to heal the sun-damaged skin. Recent evidence reveals that Jasmin aids in DNA repair at the cellular level. ▪ Aloe was used to heal sun-damaged skin. ▪ Olive oil was used as a hydrating oil for both skin and hair damaged by overexposure to the sunlight. ▪ Almond oil was applied before and after sun exposure to hydrate the sun-damaged skin, improving elasticity and texture. ▪ Rice bran extracts were used in sunscreen preparations. Today, gamma oryzanol extracted from rice bran has UV absorbing properties. ▪ kohl (to darken eyes in order to combat sunlight impairment to the retina in the glare of the desert sun), red ochre (to redden and impart a rosy glow in women's makeup mimicking the effect of the sun on the skin), and henna oil (to dye the lips and nails, darken the color of the hair and skin, and protect light skin from the sun). Today, henna is one of the most widely used natural sunscreen with both UVA and UVB protection.

Ozone Layer Depletion and Emerging Public Health Concerns - An Update on Epidemiological Perspective of the Ambivalent Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure

“…Sun exposure in non-erythemic doses is considered as a pleasant one. Exposure to sunlight has been linked to improved energy and elevates the mood ( 39 ). People feeling better and relaxed after tanning partly support this phenomenon.…”

Skin Aging & Modern Age Anti-Aging Strategies

“…The FDA has changed its guidelines to address broad-spectrum sunscreen use, which involves UVA and UVB coverage; water resistance, to indicate the time duration the sunscreen is effective; and sun protection factor (SPF). SPF-30 or higher is recommended and can be labeled as reducing the risk of skin cancer and early skin aging [82,83]. Nutritional antioxidants act through different mechanisms and in different compartments, but are mainly FR scavengers: (a) they directly neutralize free radicals (b) they reduce the peroxide concentrations and repair oxidized membranes (c) they quench iron to decrease ROS production (d) via lipid metabolism, short-chain free fatty acids and cholesteryl esters neutralize ROS.…”

Comparison between cotton fiber and cellulose powder for wastewater treatment efficiency with nano-crystalline TiO2 by sono-synthesis

“…For photocatalytic applications and the decomposition of organic molecules, TiO 2 based nanoparticles have been widely studied (Gaya and Abdullah, 2008). TiO 2 has a long history of use in material science and engineering, including self-cleaning residences of hydrophilic TiO 2 covered surfaces, use of the photocatalytic property to degrade various organic pollutants based on superior oxidation approaches (AOPs), dye sensitization, (Mor et al , 2006), doping, coupling and capping pesticide degradation, and water splitting by TiO 2 , with the exception of TiO 2 being used to make human skincare products such as sunscreen lotions, morning and night time lotions, and whitening creams, and skin milk in the paper enterprise for improving the opacity of paper (Moharana, 2015; Mohiuddin, 2019). Based on photocatalytic properties of TiO 2 nanoparticles Goldie oz.…”