Sunflower seed oil containing ginseng stem–leaf saponins (E515-D) is a safe adjuvant for Newcastle disease vaccine

Abstract

Vaccination is an effective method to prevent Newcastle disease ( ND ) in chickens. Marcol 52 and #10 white oil are mineral-based adjuvants and can be found in commercial inactivated ND virus vaccines. The present study demonstrated that a vegetable origin oil E515-D had lower polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and higher flash point than the commercial products Marcol 52 and #10 white oil. E515-D could be mixed with an aqueous phase containing ND virus antigen to form a stable water-in-oil vaccine emulsion and exhibited more potent adjuvant effects on the immune response than Marcol 52 and #10 white oil. Moreover, the absorption of E515-D–adjuvanted vaccine was faster than absorption of Marcol 52- and #10 white oil-adjuvanted vaccines when ND virus vaccines were injected in broilers. Therefore, E515-D was safe and could be a suitable adjuvant used in vaccines for food animals. In addition，E515-D is not easy to be flammable during shipping and storage owing to its higher flash point.

Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharide as an effective immunopotentiator to enhance immune responses for Newcastle disease vaccine in mice

“…The mice in PTFP groups were continuously orally administrated with different doses of PTFP (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg) for 7 days (from day 1 to day 7), once a day. In addition, the oral administration of poultry, and caused an immense economic loss in the poultry industry Yuan et al, 2020). Vaccination is the most effective and productive approach to prevent and control the spread of ND (Yang et al, 2020).…”

“…The commercial vaccines available were live or inactivated virus-based vaccines. So to enhance immune responses for the ND vaccine, immunopotentiators or adjuvants were commonly required (Zhai et al, 2011(b); Ma et al, 2019;Yuan et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Newcastle disease (ND), one of the most contagious and devastating diseases in the poultry industry around the world, is caused by an avian paramyxovirus type 1 serotype of the genus Avulavirus in the Paramyxoviridae family (Zhai et al, 2011(a); Yuan et al, 2020;Chen et al, 2021). This disease reduced the production of eggs, led to respiratory and central nervous infections, death Italian Journal of Food Science, 2021;33 (4): 11-20 Italian Journal of Food Science, 2021; 33 (4) Chen X et al…”

Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections

“…Similarly, North American ginseng has been suggested to help prevent and treat viral respiratory illnesses [ 82 ]. The stems and leaves of Panax ginseng showed an adjuvant effect on poultry vaccines [ 83 ]. Ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) combined with selenium have exhibited an adjuvant effect on the live vaccine of Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and intraocular and intranasal immunization in chickens [ 84 ].…”

Immunological evaluation of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine depending on adjuvant composition

“…Emulsion adjuvant accounts for a large part of the formulation of efficient inactivated vaccine for birds. Safe water-in-oil adjuvants induce humoral immune response, production and potentiation of antibodies, increase duration of antibodies' response, reduce frequency of vaccination and the amount of necessary antigen in each dose of vaccine, and therefore are broadly used in the compound of inactivated vaccines (Jafari et al, 2017;Yuan et al, 2020). Search of new adjuvants that would increase the cellular response or decrease the dose of injected vaccine and number of necessary vaccinations, or antigenic load in vaccine, may help enlarge the cross protection against various virulent strains or serotypes (Arous et al, 2013;Gharajalar et al, 2020).…”