Sunburn of Apple Fruit: Historical Background, Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Racskó, J.; Schrader, L. E.

doi:10.1080/07352689.2012.696453

Cited by 152 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 256 publications

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“…However, these PPFD thresholds did not cause photo-oxidative sunburn as previously reported by other authors (Felicetti and Schrader, 2009a;Racsko and Schrader, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…We found that Fv/Fm significantly decreased with the number of hours fruit were exposed to the sun (picked from the tree) at full sun, which was mitigated by using netting (Figures 8 and 9). This could be explained by a higher photo-inhibition level in those fruit that were unable to overcome the stress of being picked from the tree without an appropriate water supply to cool the skin and which will finally develop sunburn symptoms, as shown in fruit picked from the trees and directly exposed to the sun (Racsko and Schrader, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been demonstrated that when FST increases up to sub-lethal damage in the apple peel the Fv/Fm also is reduced by the negative effect of high temperature on electron donation of the oxygen involving complex (OEC) to the PSII reaction center, causing damage in the PSII reaction center of the entire electron transport chain (Chen et al, 2008). Apple fruit has limited capacity to use the PPFD in photosynthesis; therefore, the excess energy must be dissipated as heat through the xanthophyll cycle and by the process called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) (Racsko and Schrader, 2012). The NPQ mechanism has been mostly described during photo-oxidative damage development, which finally led to lethal sun damage in apples (Racsko and Schrader, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first type is characterized by damage on the peel caused by exposure to extremely high temperatures (52 ºC) that can cause epidermal cell death in the fruit within 10 min (Felicetti and Schrader, 2009b). The second type of damage is produced by the joint action of high temperatures and fruit exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation; in this case, browning is noticeable on the peel 2 d after exposure (Racsko and Schrader, 2012). Photo-oxidative damage develops in fruit that grow under shade conditions and are suddenly exposed to direct light (Zupan et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Photo-oxidative damage develops in fruit that grow under shade conditions and are suddenly exposed to direct light (Zupan et al, 2014). Unlike the first two types of damage, photo-oxidative sunburn occurs under conditions of high levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) because the ultraviolet light spectrum is not usually involved in this type of damage (Felicetti and Schrader, 2009b;Racsko and Schrader, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photosynthetic efficiency of apples under protected shade nets

Olivares-Soto

Bastías²

2018

Chil. j. agric. res.

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Sunburn in apples is caused by excessive solar radiation and high temperatures. Shade netting is used to control sun damage in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards. The physiological aspects of the effectiveness of this technique have not yet been fully understood. The objective was to study the variation in chlorophyll fluorescence in apples exposed to environmental conditions of radiation and temperature under netting, to better understand the physiological aspects in the effectiveness of this technique to control sun damage. From 50 and up to 150 d after flowering (DAF), maximum photochemical quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), incidence of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, μmol m -2 s -1 ), and fruit surface temperature (FST, °C) were evaluated in netted and non-netted 'Fuji' and 'Gala' apple orchards with 20% shade netting, as well as at harvest in fruit picked from the tree. Netting reduced sunburn by 9% for 'Gala' and 5% for 'Fuji'. For 'Gala', netting reduced FST from 2 to 5 °C and 2 to 3 °C for 'Fuji' compared to the control (P < 0.05). The PAR decreased by 27% for 'Gala' and 22% for 'Fuji' compared to the control (P < 0.05). The mean value of Fv/Fm was 12% in 'Gala' and 3% in 'Fuji' lower than under netting. This difference in Fv/Fm was maintained in fruit picked from the tree and was 13% in 'Gala' and 8% in 'Fuji'. The effectiveness of nets as a measure to control sun damage in apples is related to the ability of this technique to reduce the photo-inhibition process on the fruit skin.

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“…However, these PPFD thresholds did not cause photo-oxidative sunburn as previously reported by other authors (Felicetti and Schrader, 2009a;Racsko and Schrader, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Photosynthetic efficiency of apples under protected shade nets

Olivares-Soto

Bastías²

2018

Chil. j. agric. res.

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Apple tree adaptation to shade in agroforestry: an architectural approach

Pitchers

Frédéric

Pradal

et al. 2021

American J of Botany

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PREMISE The expression of shade adaptation traits is expected to be stronger in low light and can be detrimental to flowering and yield. Our study focused on the expression of shade adaptation traits of apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Dalinette’) in an agroforestry system. METHODS The architecture of 45 apple trees in their third and fourth year was extensively described and analyzed at the tree scale and compared depending on the light quantity received during the growing season. Flower cluster phenology and the relation between leaf area and floral initiation were also investigated. RESULTS The number of growing shoots and the leaf area were reduced by shade even if specific leaf area increased with increasing shade. Shade did not modify primary growth but did decrease secondary growth, so that apple tree shoots in shade were slender, with a lower taper and reduced number and proportion of flower clusters. The correlation between floral initiation and leaf area was high both in full and moderate light but not for apple trees in low light. Shade did not impact the date of bud burst and the early phenological stages of flower clusters, but it reduced the number of days at full bloom. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that while the architecture of apple trees is modified by a reduction in light intensity, it is not until a reduction of 65% that the capability to produce fruit is impeded. These results could help optimize the design of apple‐tree‐based agroforestry systems.

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Bin mapping of water stress tolerance‐related, fruit quality, and horticultural traits in tomato introgression lines derived from wild Solanum habrochaites

Kubond

Clair

2023

Crop Science

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Climate change is reducing water availability for crop production. Cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, has a limited genetic base for improvement. A wild tomato, Solanum habrochaites, is water stress tolerant and may serve as a genetic source of abiotic stress‐tolerance traits. A set of 24 introgression lines (ILs) derived from S. habrochaites and processing tomato inbred cultivar E6203 were evaluated in the field in replicated experiments over 3 years for 15 traits, including water stress tolerance‐related, fruit quality, and horticultural traits. A split plot experimental design was employed with reduced and full irrigation treatments as main plots. Subplots consisted of the ILs and control E6203, and trait data were collected on a per‐subplot basis. Statistical data analyses and bin mapping were performed on a per‐trait basis. Trait‐genomic region associations (TGRAs) were detected in ILs when a significant difference between E6203 and an IL was present. A total of 268 TGRAs were detected for all 15 traits. Traits mapped to introgressions in 22 of the 24 ILs and in 11 of 12 tomato chromosomes. ILs contributed both positive and negative allelic effects at TGRAs. TGRA with positive allelic effects from S. habrochaites were identified for soluble solids content, fruit weight, degree of fruit sunburn, canopy cover, and maturity. Our results suggest that S. habrochaites may be a useful resource for breeding improvement of certain fruit quality and horticultural traits in cultivated tomato. Overall, S. habrochaites alleles did not contribute to increased water stress tolerance relative to E6203 at the milder level of water stress used in this study.

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Sunburn of Apple Fruit: Historical Background, Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Cited by 152 publications

References 256 publications

Photosynthetic efficiency of apples under protected shade nets

Photosynthetic efficiency of apples under protected shade nets

Apple tree adaptation to shade in agroforestry: an architectural approach

Bin mapping of water stress tolerance‐related, fruit quality, and horticultural traits in tomato introgression lines derived from wild Solanum habrochaites

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