Sun Exposure and Mortality From Melanoma

Berwick, Marianne; Armstrong, Bruce K.; Ben-Porat, Leah; Fine, Jacob; Kricker, Anne; Eberle, Carey A.; Barnhill, Raymond L.

doi:10.1093/jnci/dji019

Cited by 389 publications

(307 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…That finding is dependent on the criteria used to define a low level of sun exposure. The criterion used in this study was similar to those reported by Berwick et al 22 This might be one of the most crucial points of this study since the level of sun exposure has always been particularly difficult to quantify. Taking into account that the patients were born and raised in Spain, a sunny country, it is possible that some periods of sun exposure may have been unintentionally omitted by the patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…We classified patients according to sun exposure using a similar criterion to the one described by Berwick et al 22 Specifically, we considered patients with a low level of sun exposure, those patients who had never had sunburns, who had never sunbathed during the summertime, who had spent less than 10 days per year doing outdoor recreational or occupational activities and who had never lived in tropical countries. All patients were interviewed by the same interviewer using a standardized questionnaire.…”

Section: Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic analysis of the GRM1 gene in human melanoma susceptibility

et al. 2007

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Data obtained from a mouse model indicated that the ectopic expression of the Grm1 gene is sufficient for transforming melanocytes and causing malignant melanoma in vivo. In addition, it has also been documented that the GRM1 gene is aberrantly expressed in human melanomas. Here we have performed a genetic association study to elucidate whether the GRM1 gene contributes to human melanoma susceptibility. To carry out this study, we initially genotyped 250 melanoma patients and 329 nonselected and nonrelated controls with three single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs854145, rs362962 and rs6923492, located in the intron 1, intron 4 and exon 10 of the GRM1 gene, respectively. To perform sample genotyping, we used pyrosequencing techniques. Regarding rs854145 and rs6923492, there were no differences in genotypic distribution or allelic frequency between patients and controls. However, we observed (i) a higher frequency of patients carrying the C allele of rs362962 than in controls (OR ¼ 1.40, CI ¼ [1.01 -1.95], P ¼ 0.045), and (ii) that difference became greater in a subgroup of patients with a low level of sun exposure and tumours located on the trunk and extremities (OR ¼ 2.10, CI ¼ [1.26 -3.51], P ¼ 0.0039). To confirm these observations, the sample size of both patient and control groups was increased. In total, 464 patients and 561 controls were genotyped for the rs362962 polymorphism. Only the second observation was confirmed (OR ¼ 1.69, CI ¼ [1.16 -2.47], P ¼ 0.0064). Our results suggest that the GRM1 gene may contribute to melanoma susceptibility in that specific group of patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic analysis of the GRM1 gene in human melanoma susceptibility

et al. 2007

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“…The rising incidence makes this cancer an issue of ever increasing clinical and economic importance and research interest (Garland et al, 2003;Tucker and Goldstein, 2003;Berwick et al, 2005). The identification of new prognostic markers may help to better distinguish low from high-risk disease apart from the classical histopathologic and clinical criteria (Carlson et al, 2005) and may offer new targets for therapy.…”

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confidence: 99%

FGFR4 Arg388 allele correlates with tumour thickness and FGFR4 protein expression with survival of melanoma patients

et al. 2006

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A single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene for FGFR4 (ÀArg388) has been associated with progression in various types of human cancer. Although fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) belong to the most important growth factors in melanoma, expression of FGF receptor subtype 4 has not been investigated yet. In this study, the protein expression of this receptor was analysed in 137 melanoma tissues of different progression stages by immunohistochemistry. FGFR4 protein was expressed in 45% of the specimens and correlated with pTNM tumour stages (UICC, P ¼ 0.023 and AJCC, P ¼ 0.046), presence of microulceration (P ¼ 0.009), tumour vascularity (P ¼ 0.001), metastases (P ¼ 0.025), number of primary tumours (P ¼ 0.022), overall survival (P ¼ 0.047) and disease-free survival (P ¼ 0.024). Furthermore, FGFR4 Arg388 polymorphism was analysed in 185 melanoma patients by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The Arg388 allele was detected in 45% of the melanoma patients and was significantly associated with tumour thickness (by Clark's level of invasion (P ¼ 0.004) and by Breslow in mm (P ¼ 0.02)) and the tumour subtype nodular melanoma (P ¼ 0.002). However, there was no correlation of the FGFR4 Arg388 allele with overall and disease-free survival. In conclusion, the Arg388 genotype and the protein expression of FGFR4 may be potential markers for progression of melanoma.

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“…[11][12][13] The importance of vitamin D is reflected by the fact that CMM patients had deficient and insufficient prediagnostic vitamin D 3 levels [14] and survived longer if they got regular sun exposures. [15] Furthermore, outdoor workers have twice the vitamin D 3 levels as indoor workers [16] and they have about half the risk for getting CMM. [17] And along with providing another apoptotic pathway for melanoma cells through the vitamin D 3 receptor, [13] vitamin D 3 boosts the immune system by enabling T cells to become activated so they can kill virally infected and malignant cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous malignant melanoma incidences analyzed worldwide by skin type over advancing age of males and females: Evidence estrogen and androgenic hair are risk factors

Godar¹,

Subramanian

Merrill

2016

JER

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We previously analyzed cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) incidences worldwide by sex, age, and Fitzpatrick skin type over time and found only European-ancestry populations have exponential increasing incidences and about a 2-log increase in the risk between the youngest age groups (0-14 and 15-29 yr). We proposed the increasing incidence over time may be from the spread of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) found in CMM biopsies, and that the 2-log incidence increase between the youngest age groups might be from developing androgenic hair. The increasing incidence with age may be from white hairs transmitting UV radiation to follicular melanocytes. Here we analyzed CMM incidences over the advancing age of males and females of every skin type (I-VI) worldwide. We found only European-ancestry females have a linear increase in their CMM risk while males of all races have a power function increase in their risk with advancing age. We propose the gradual loss of HPV-infected androgenic follicles with advancing age of only European-ancestry females during and after menopause significantly reduces their CMM risk compared to all males who do not have significant estrogen loss and consequent loss of androgenic hair with advancing age. All other races have females with significantly lower amounts of androgenic body hair so that its loss with advancing age is not significant. These results combined with those in the literature and our previous findings showing CMM has been increasing over time, suggests estrogen synergizes HPV infection of androgenic follicular melanocytes significantly increasing the risk for getting CMM.

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Sun Exposure and Mortality From Melanoma

Abstract: Sun exposure is associated with increased survival from melanoma.

Cited by 389 publications

References 15 publications

Genetic analysis of the GRM1 gene in human melanoma susceptibility

Genetic analysis of the GRM1 gene in human melanoma susceptibility

FGFR4 Arg388 allele correlates with tumour thickness and FGFR4 protein expression with survival of melanoma patients

Cutaneous malignant melanoma incidences analyzed worldwide by skin type over advancing age of males and females: Evidence estrogen and androgenic hair are risk factors

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