“…Interestingly, findings revealed during the rainy season, changes in SST in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean affect flow of moist air mass that moves to Sudan (Alriah et al ., 2021). Therefore, it depicted a strong positive correlation between the rainfall variability with the positive mode AMO, which connotes the declension of northerly trade winds due to temperature rise over the North Atlantic Ocean.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Sudan's topography with selected study areas, classified as the north, east, south, west, centre, and coastal zones (adopted from Alriah et al ., 2021). The topography data can be accessed at https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ at 90‐m resolution.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The selection of the ground‐based stations were mainly based on their geographical location and elevation, as reported by Alriah et al . (2021). The selected stations represent different climatic zones, mountains, plains, and low‐lying areas, as presented in Table 1.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(Mutai and Ward, 2000;Ongoma and Chen, 2017;Ayugi et al, 2018). Findings revealed good performances, compared to other datasets such as Global F I G U R E 1 Sudan's topography with selected study areas, classified as the north, east, south, west, centre, and coastal zones (adopted from Alriah et al, 2021). The topography data can be accessed at https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ at 90-m resolution.…”
Section: Geographical Locationmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Recently, Alriah et al . (2021) examined the effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and other teleconnections at the subcountry level and suggested further investigation since the AMO may present similar effects.…”
The selection of a reliable long-term rainfall dataset is deemed appropriate for hydroclimatic assessments, especially in regions with limited distribution of rain gauge stations like Sudan. The study presents an initial investigation for gridded-based rainfall products and satellite-based products over Sudan using standardized statistical methods. Overall, the monthly evaluation revealed reasonable statistical agreement with in situ observations. Seasonal analysis shows that summer rainfall is detected more accurately than yearly rainfall, especially in mountainous areas across the country. Generally, underestimation was observed in all products over most regions on an annual, seasonal, and monthly scale, respectively. Results for the Taylor skill score (TSS) indicated relatively low skills for ECMWF Reanalysis 5th Generation (ERA5), moderate to strong skills for Climate Research Unit (CRU) and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS), against the reference rain gauges among the regions. The regional comparison using TSS when considering monthly and seasonal timescales showed CHIRPS and CRU had the highest performance with an average percentage of 89.6 and 92% in the west (Nyala, Al Geniena, and Al Fasher), 89 and 84.6% at the central part (Khartoum, Wad Madani, and Al Obied), and 92.5 and 86.5% in the south (Al Damazine and Kadogli). At 95% confidence level, a significant increasing trend was observed over the highlands at the centre (Al Obied) and western areas (Al Geniena and Nyala), while most stations showed positive trends. Further analysis on temporal correlation with Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) demonstrated a strong correlation between the AMO PC1 and JJAS rainfall PC1 (82%). The west recorded the highest response to AMO (90%), while the east had the lowest response (74%), with the north, central, and south obtaining 77, 76, and 76%, respectively. Our findings provide useful
“…Interestingly, findings revealed during the rainy season, changes in SST in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean affect flow of moist air mass that moves to Sudan (Alriah et al ., 2021). Therefore, it depicted a strong positive correlation between the rainfall variability with the positive mode AMO, which connotes the declension of northerly trade winds due to temperature rise over the North Atlantic Ocean.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Sudan's topography with selected study areas, classified as the north, east, south, west, centre, and coastal zones (adopted from Alriah et al ., 2021). The topography data can be accessed at https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ at 90‐m resolution.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The selection of the ground‐based stations were mainly based on their geographical location and elevation, as reported by Alriah et al . (2021). The selected stations represent different climatic zones, mountains, plains, and low‐lying areas, as presented in Table 1.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(Mutai and Ward, 2000;Ongoma and Chen, 2017;Ayugi et al, 2018). Findings revealed good performances, compared to other datasets such as Global F I G U R E 1 Sudan's topography with selected study areas, classified as the north, east, south, west, centre, and coastal zones (adopted from Alriah et al, 2021). The topography data can be accessed at https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ at 90-m resolution.…”
Section: Geographical Locationmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Recently, Alriah et al . (2021) examined the effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and other teleconnections at the subcountry level and suggested further investigation since the AMO may present similar effects.…”
The selection of a reliable long-term rainfall dataset is deemed appropriate for hydroclimatic assessments, especially in regions with limited distribution of rain gauge stations like Sudan. The study presents an initial investigation for gridded-based rainfall products and satellite-based products over Sudan using standardized statistical methods. Overall, the monthly evaluation revealed reasonable statistical agreement with in situ observations. Seasonal analysis shows that summer rainfall is detected more accurately than yearly rainfall, especially in mountainous areas across the country. Generally, underestimation was observed in all products over most regions on an annual, seasonal, and monthly scale, respectively. Results for the Taylor skill score (TSS) indicated relatively low skills for ECMWF Reanalysis 5th Generation (ERA5), moderate to strong skills for Climate Research Unit (CRU) and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS), against the reference rain gauges among the regions. The regional comparison using TSS when considering monthly and seasonal timescales showed CHIRPS and CRU had the highest performance with an average percentage of 89.6 and 92% in the west (Nyala, Al Geniena, and Al Fasher), 89 and 84.6% at the central part (Khartoum, Wad Madani, and Al Obied), and 92.5 and 86.5% in the south (Al Damazine and Kadogli). At 95% confidence level, a significant increasing trend was observed over the highlands at the centre (Al Obied) and western areas (Al Geniena and Nyala), while most stations showed positive trends. Further analysis on temporal correlation with Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) demonstrated a strong correlation between the AMO PC1 and JJAS rainfall PC1 (82%). The west recorded the highest response to AMO (90%), while the east had the lowest response (74%), with the north, central, and south obtaining 77, 76, and 76%, respectively. Our findings provide useful
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