Summary of Novel Bacterial Isolates Derived from Human Clinical Specimens and Nomenclature Revisions Published in 2018 and 2019

Abstract

Knowledge of novel prokaryotic taxa discovery and nomenclature revisions is of importance to clinical microbiology laboratory practice, infectious disease epidemiology, and studies of microbial pathogenesis. Relative to bacterial isolates derived from human clinical specimens, we present an in-depth summary of novel taxonomic designations and revisions to prokaryotic taxonomy that were published in 2018 and 2019. Included are several changes pertinent to former designations of or within Propionibacterium spp., Corynebacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Mycoplasma spp., Methylobacterium spp., and Enterobacteriaceae. Future efforts to ascertain clinical relevance for many of these changes may be augmented by a Document Development Committee that has been appointed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.

Intracranial Mycoplasma hominis infection following emergent craniectomy

“…Prior to very recent phylogenetic updates [ 5 ] the genus Mycoplasma included 118 species, of which M. genitalium (now Mycoplasmoides genitalium ), M. hominis (now Metamycoplasma hominis ) and M. pneumoniae (now Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae ) are clinically significant. These bacteria have trilayered cell membranes instead of a cell wall.…”

Antibiotic resistance surveillance of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex is affected by refined MALDI-TOF identification, Swiss data, 2017 to 2022

“…DNA sequencing methods refine phylogenetic population structures and allow identification of novel species. Novel species may show distinct resistance rates and clinical significance, revising our understanding of epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility [ 1 , 2 ]. Examples include Staphylococcus argenteus , Gemella taiwanensis , Actinotignum spp [ 1 ], Macrococcus spp [ 2 ], which have been identified as novel sources of infections.…”

“…Novel species may show distinct resistance rates and clinical significance, revising our understanding of epidemiology, ecology, pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility [ 1 , 2 ]. Examples include Staphylococcus argenteus , Gemella taiwanensis , Actinotignum spp [ 1 ], Macrococcus spp [ 2 ], which have been identified as novel sources of infections. The taxonomies of Corynebacteriae and Enterobacterales have been reclassified considerably, with new species and subspecies [ 2 ].…”

“…Examples include Staphylococcus argenteus , Gemella taiwanensis , Actinotignum spp [ 1 ], Macrococcus spp [ 2 ], which have been identified as novel sources of infections. The taxonomies of Corynebacteriae and Enterobacterales have been reclassified considerably, with new species and subspecies [ 2 ]. Furthermore, colistin-resistant Citrobacter europaeus strains and multi-resistant Enterobacter bugandensis isolates with the potential of increased virulence have been described [ 2 ].…”

“…The taxonomies of Corynebacteriae and Enterobacterales have been reclassified considerably, with new species and subspecies [ 2 ]. Furthermore, colistin-resistant Citrobacter europaeus strains and multi-resistant Enterobacter bugandensis isolates with the potential of increased virulence have been described [ 2 ]. In addition to molecular tools, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can reliably identify a growing number of species in routine diagnostics, which allows treatment adjustment and increased understanding of clinical consequences in practical healthcare [ 3 ].…”