Summary of Expansions and Updates in GREET^® 2022

Life-Cycle Inventory of Critical Materials: Nickel, Copper, Titanium, and Rare-Earth Elements

“…Hence, it is difficult to segregate the effect of individual factors on the environmental impacts of Ni production. In GREET 2022 (Wang et al, 2022), to address this concern, we provide the life-cycle inventory (LCI) of Class I Ni consumed in the US as a function of these three factors. In the subsequent subsections, we describe the approach used to develop LCI for both sulfide and laterite ores in GREET 2022.…”

“…Thus, while we do account for the variation in energy needs of Ni production with changes in ore grade, we are unable to account for such variation in material requirements due to lack of suitable data. Table 4 provides the variation in energy inputs for mining and beneficiation steps used for sulfide ores for the different ore grades considered in GREET2 (Wang et al, 2022). Note that for the default ore grade, material inputs consumed during mining and beneficiation stages account for < 10% of its total productionrelated environmental impacts for all ore grades.…”

“…GREET 2021 provides Cu inventory as a single inventory across all ore grades and ore types for two locations: the United States and Chile (Wang et al, 2021). In GREET 2022 (Wang et al, 2022), we provide the LCI for Cu consumed in the US as a function of ore grade, type, and production location, based on data available in our literature review.…”

“…Hence, we use material and energy LCI from Sanjuan-Delmás et al ( 2022) for the remaining stages of Cu production (pyrometallurgical production/smelting and refining). Note that the use of material inventory in GREET 2022 (Wang et al, 2022) makes it different from GREET 2021 (Wang et al, 2021), which does not consider this aspect. Table 14 provides the energy inputs for post-beneficiation Cu pyrometallurgical processing and refining, while Table 15 shows the material inputs for all steps of Cu production.…”

Electrolyzers for Hydrogen Production: Solid Oxide, Alkaline, and Proton Exchange Membrane

“…This report provides details for conducting a comprehensive life cycle analysis of GHG emissions of water electrolysis technologies that have been incorporated in Argonne's GREET ® model update for the year 2022 (Wang et al, 2022). The rest of this report is organized as follows.…”