Summary for Policymakers

Chatterjee, Meera; Levine, Ruth; Murthy, Nirmala; Rao-Seshadri, Shreelata

doi:10.1017/cbo9781139177245.003

Cited by 151 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…The experiment was conducted onboard the RV 'Seward Johnson II', from June 20 to July 4, 2005, with water collected at 57°58' N, 15°32' W. Four treatments were used with 6 replicates each: (1) 12°C and 390 ppm CO 2 (ambient), (2) 12°C and 690 ppm CO 2 (high pCO 2 ), (3) 16°C and 390 ppm CO 2 (high temperature), and (4) 16°C and 690 ppm CO 2 (greenhouse). Sea surface temperature at this location was 12°C at the time of water collection, 28 Rose et al: Temperature and pCO 2 effects on microzooplankton and the increase of 4°C in the high temperature treatments is consistent with projections for the end of this century (Sarmiento et al 1998, Bopp et al 2001, Alley et al 2007). The 2 CO 2 concentrations chosen also represent present day and projected year 2100 atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressures, respectively (Alley et al 2007).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Sea surface temperature at this location was 12°C at the time of water collection, 28 Rose et al: Temperature and pCO 2 effects on microzooplankton and the increase of 4°C in the high temperature treatments is consistent with projections for the end of this century (Sarmiento et al 1998, Bopp et al 2001, Alley et al 2007). The 2 CO 2 concentrations chosen also represent present day and projected year 2100 atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressures, respectively (Alley et al 2007). Experiments were run using a seawater continuous culture system, termed an 'Ecostat' (Hutchins et al 2003, Hare et al 2005.…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent models predict sea surface temperature increases of 1 to 4°C by the end of this century (Bopp et al 2001, Alley et al 2007). Atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO 2 ) has increased from 280 to 380 ppm since the pre-industrial era and is predicted to exceed 700 ppm by the end of this century (Alley et al 2007). Increased sea surface temperature should increase potential phytoplankton growth rates (Eppley 1972) and may alter dynamics between phytoplankton and their microzooplankton grazers (Rose & Caron 2007).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of increased pCO2 and temperature on the North Atlantic spring bloom. II. Microzooplankton abundance and grazing

Rose¹,

Feng²,

Gobler³

et al. 2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The North Atlantic spring bloom is one of the largest annually occurring phytoplankton blooms in the world ocean. The present study investigated the potential effects of climate change variables (temperature and pCO 2 ) on trophic dynamics during the bloom using a shipboard continuous culture system. The treatments examined were (1) 12°C and 390 ppm CO 2 (ambient), (2) 12°C and 690 ppm CO 2 (high pCO 2 ), (3) 16°C and 390 ppm CO 2 (high temperature), and (4) 16 °C and 690 ppm CO 2 (greenhouse). Individually, increasing temperature and pCO 2 initially resulted in significantly higher total microzooplankton abundance and grazing rates over the ambient treatment mid-experiment, with significantly greater increases still in the greenhouse treatment. By the end of the experiment, microzooplankton abundance was highest in the 2 low temperature treatments, which were dominated by small taxa, while the larger ciliate Strombidium sp. numerically dominated the high-temperature treatment. Microzooplankton community composition was dominated by small taxa in the greenhouse treatment, but total abundance declined significantly by the end after peaking mid-experiment. This decrease occurred concurrently with the growth of a potentially unpalatable phytoplankton assemblage dominated by coccolithophores. Our results suggest that indirect effects on microzooplankton community structure from changes in phytoplankton community composition as a result of changing temperature or pCO 2 were likely more important than direct effects on microzooplankton physiology. Similar changes in trophic dynamics and whole plankton community composition may also be important for future climate-driven changes in the North Atlantic spring bloom assemblage.KEY WORDS: Microzooplankton · Herbivory · Temperature · pCO 2 · North Atlantic spring bloom · Climate change Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 388: [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] 2009 also be an important food source for mesozooplankton and, as such, can contribute to carbon transfer to higher trophic levels (Sherr et al. 1986, Atkinson 1996, Schnetzer & Caron 2005.The annually occurring and spatially extensive spring bloom of phytoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean has been extensively studied since the early days of oceanography (e.g. Sverdrup 1953). The US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS;Ducklow & Harris 1993), US Marine Light Mixed Layer research initiative (MLML;Plueddemann et al. 1995), UK Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Study (BOFS;Savidge et al. 1992), UK Plankton Reactivity in the Marine Environment program (PRIME; Savidge & Williams 2001), and French 'Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle' (POMME; Memery et al. 2005) have all been large-scale efforts to combine physical, chemical, biological, and modeling approaches to understand ecosystem dynamics throughout the stages of the bloom. This phytoplankton bloom is initiated by a reduction in mixed layer depth and is typified by an i...

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 69%

supporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of increased pCO2 and temperature on the North Atlantic spring bloom. II. Microzooplankton abundance and grazing

Rose¹,

Feng²,

Gobler³

et al. 2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…One of the most important of these is the possibility of climate-to-carbon feedbacks occurring over the 21st century. The IPCC 4th Assessment report [33] regards the extent of such processes as being one of the two greatest unknowns in the medium-term evolution of climate -ice-sheet instability being the other.…”

Section: Extensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Information Content in Environmental Modelling: A Carbon Cycle Perspective

Enting

2008

Entropy

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A model represents the way in which information about the world is captured in a form that can be manipulated for application to new situations. However, quantification of 'model error' presents formidable challenges. Various inverse problems in carbon cycle modelling are presented as illustrations of the issues. A 'maximum-entropy' representation of carbon cycle response is used to explore techniques for non-parametric estimation of carbon cycle uncertainty.

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A sequence of multiyear wet and dry periods provides opportunities for grass recovery and state change reversals

Peters

Savoy

2023

Ecological Monographs

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Multiyear periods (≥4 y) of extreme rainfall are increasing in frequency as climate continues to change, yet there is little understanding how rainfall amount and heterogeneity in biophysical properties affect state changes in a sequence of wet and dry periods. Our objective was to examine the importance of rainfall periods, their legacies, and vegetation and soil properties to either the persistence of woody plants or a shift towards perennial grass dominance and a state reversal. We examined a 28‐y record of rainfall consisting of a sequence of multiyear periods (average, dry, wet, dry, average) for four ecosystem types in the Jornada Basin. We analyzed relationships between aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and rainfall for three plant functional groups that characterize alternative states (perennial grasses, other herbaceous plants, dominant shrubs). A multimodel comparison was used to determine the relative importance of rainfall, soil, and vegetation properties. For perennial grasses, the greatest mean ANPP in mesquite and tarbush dominated shrublands occurred in the wet period, and in the dry period following the wet period in grasslands. Legacy effects in grasslands were asymmetric, where the least production was found in a dry period following an average period, and the greatest production occurred in a dry period following a wet period. For other herbaceous plants, in contrast, the greatest ANPP occurred in the wet period. Mesquite was the only dominant shrub species with a significant positive response in the wet period. Rainfall amount was a poor predictor of ANPP for each functional group when data from all periods were combined. Initial initial herbaceous biomass at the plant scale, patch scale biomass, and soil texture at the landscape scale improved predictive relationships of ANPP compared with rainfall alone. Under future climate, perennial grass production is expected to benefit the most from wet periods compared with other functional groups with continued high grass production in subsequent dry periods that can shift (desertified) shrublands towards grasslands. The continued dominance by shrubs will depend on the effects that rainfall has on perennial grasses and the sequence of high and low rainfall periods rather than direct effects of rainfall on shrub production.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Summary for Policymakers

Cited by 151 publications

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Effects of increased pCO2 and temperature on the North Atlantic spring bloom. II. Microzooplankton abundance and grazing

Effects of increased pCO2 and temperature on the North Atlantic spring bloom. II. Microzooplankton abundance and grazing

Assessing the Information Content in Environmental Modelling: A Carbon Cycle Perspective

A sequence of multiyear wet and dry periods provides opportunities for grass recovery and state change reversals

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