Sumatriptan effects on morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence: The role of nitric oxide

Protective effect of modafinil on skin flap survival in the experimental random-pattern skin flap model in rats: The role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and nitric oxide pathway

“…Tissues were prepared as described previously, 27 and the VEGF positive cell count was performed using Image-Pro Insight software (Cybermetrics, Rockville, Maryland, USA, Version: 900). Nitrite concentrations in each tissue was assessed using Griess method described elsewhere, 28 and the final concentrations of nitrite were reported in the fraction of total protein (pmol/mg protein). The predictors comprised administration of different doses of modafinil, and the coadministration of modafinil with L-NAME, aminoguanidine, 7-NI, glibenclamide, and cromakalim.…”

Melatonin and morphine: potential beneficial effects of co‐use

“…Studies have shown that inflammation and over production of free radicals have critical roles in morphine tolerance and physical dependence [108,129,130]. Thus, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant agents may attenuate both tolerance and physical dependence induced by morphine [105,131,132]. It has been demonstrated that melatonin has excellent anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects [133,134].…”

Cyclosporin A attenuating morphine tolerance through inhibiting NO/ERK signaling pathway in human glioblastoma cell line: the involvement of calcineurin

“…Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main mediators involved in the adaptations to chronic morphine-induced tolerance as the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity results in the attenuation of morphine-induced tolerance (Hassanipour et al, 2018[ 21 ]; Heinzen and Pollack, 2004[ 23 ]; Naidu et al, 2003[ 48 ]; Raghavendra et al, 2000[ 52 ]). In one study, thalidomide treatment reversed morphine tolerance by decreasing NOS and nitric oxide pathway in T98G cells (Khan et al, 2017[ 31 ]).…”

“…In order to measure the amount of nitrite oxide in the drug-treated cells, nitrite assay by Griess reaction was performed as described previously (Hassanipour et al, 2018[ 21 ]; Khan et al, 2017[ 31 ]). To measure the nitrite levels, 100 μL of the supernatant of each sample was transferred into 96-well microplates and sulfanilamide solution (50 μL), and vanadium (10 μL) were added to each sample and incubated at room temperature for 5 min.…”

“…It has been reported that morphine tolerance can be induced by nitric oxide (NO) which is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (Mayer et al, 1999[ 43 ]), so that increased NOS activity accelerates the induction of morphine tolerance. Furthermore, NOS inhibitors attenuate this effect (Dambisya and Lee, 1996[ 12 ]; Hassanipour et al, 2018[ 21 ]; Khan et al, 2017[ 31 ]; Rahmati et al, 2017[ 53 ]). NOS is activated by the influx of Ca ++ ions that can be linked to nNOS which is an isoform of NOS and modulates morphine tolerance (Heinzen and Pollack, 2004[ 23 ]).…”