The
ion distribution at the charged three layer graphene–ionic
liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, [BMIM][DCA]) interface
is probed by sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG), cyclic voltammetry
(CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SFG results
show the presence of both [BMIM]+ cations and [DCA]− anions at the charged graphene surface, where the
anion signal increased with the increasing external potential and
the cation signal was little influenced by the external potential.
The CV and EIS results suggest that ions form an electrically stable
double layer at the charged graphene surface. Molecular dynamics simulations
of [BMIM][DCA] near the charged graphene surface suggest that the
interface consists of alternating layers of cations and anions that
restructure with external potential variation. The experimental data
can be interpreted by a double-layer model where the anionic and cationic
layers interchange position with each other at the surface depending
on the applied potential.