“…7 In order to improve the efficiency of Biginelli reaction, a number of catalysts have been developed. These include ammonium chloride, 8 ZrCl 4 or ZrOCl 2 , 9 vanadium(III) chloride, 10 chloroacetic acid, 11 graphite-supported lanthanum chloride, 12 alkylammonium and alkylimidazolium perhaloborates, phosphates, and aluminates, 13 1,1,3,3-tetrametylguanidinium trifluoroacetate, 14 ferric chloride and boric acid, 15 sulphamic acid, 16 tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, 17 and polyphosphate ester (PPE). 18 However, many of these methods suffer from the drawbacks inconsistent with green chemistry, such as the use of toxic chemicals and heavy metals.…”