Sulfur Sensitization and High-Intensity Reciprocity Failure of Silver Bromide Grains*

Spencer, H. E.; Atwell, R. E.

doi:10.1364/josa.54.000498

Cited by 27 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It is proposed here that the photoproduced Ag clusters become Auplated in the developer, in the same way as during Au-latensification. This picture would explain why the same sensitivity to flash exposures is often obtained in both cases and also why S -b Au sensitization probably yields the same distribution of li centers as S sensitization (5,16). Spencer and Atwell concluded already that the function of Au in S § Au sensitization must be very similar to the one in Au latensification (16).…”

Section: Discussion Lmentioning

confidence: 74%

Gold‐Containing Surface States on Photographic AgBr Grains: Roles besides Photoelectron‐Trapping

Bürge

1982

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Gold‐sensitized photographic films have been treated in redox buffers between exposure and development. Under certain conditions the latent image centers (surface states on normalAgBr containing photoproduced Ag atoms and allowing amplification by development) are no more noble than those in unsensitized films. It is tentatively concluded that an increase in electron affinity of these centers (gold incorporation and/or electron trap deepening at their formation sites) is no condition for a sensitivity increase. Gold‐containing surface states (sensitivity centers) might eliminate positive holes and thus, e.g., preclude recombination provoked by hole capture at precursors of latent image centers.

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Section: Discussion Lmentioning

confidence: 74%

Gold‐Containing Surface States on Photographic AgBr Grains: Roles besides Photoelectron‐Trapping

Bürge

1982

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…A further consequence of using a high-intensity exposure is the production of a high proportion of latent-image specks which require a long time of contact with the developer before the rate of the reduction process becomes significant. Because of this the time of development to reach maximum response is longer for short-duration high-intensity exposures than for exposures of longer duration and lower intensity (Spencer & Atwell, 1964). The parallelism between electron and high-intensity light exposures is maintained in this respect.…”

Section: T H E P H O T O G R a P H I C E M U L S I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of photographic materials to electrons with particular reference to electron micrography

Farnell

Flint

1973

Journal of Microscopy

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SUMMARY The response of photographic emulsion layers to electron beam exposures is reviewed in simple terms, particularly for those energies used in conventional electron micrography. Emphasis is placed on the way many features of response are determined by the fact that a single electron serves to render several grains developable. In particular it is shown that the contrast is independent of emulsion/developer combination, the granularity is uniquely related to the speed, and the signal/noise ratio increases with exposure irrespective of the conditions leading to exposure increase. Demonstrations of these aspects are presented. Factors governing image spread are also outlined. The dependence of the minimum magnification for observation of details of a given size on this property is discussed.

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“…In the case of recording with nanosecond pulse radiation in such layers [1,2], a substantial decrease (by a factor of up to 20) in the diffraction efficiency and light sensitivity is observed. The effect of lowering the speed of silver halide photosensitive materials at short high-intensity exposures (reciprocity failure) is known and it has been described in some works [3][4][5][6].As we showed earlier [7,8], one of the possibilities of enhancing the sensitivity of photographic materials to pulse radiation is increasing the silver halide grain size. However, the diffraction efficiency considerably declines in this case.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Possibilities for the Enhancement of Light Sensitivity of Silver Halide Photographic Materials for Holographic Recording by Counter Propagating Continuous- and Pulsed-Radiation Beams

et al. 2005

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1 Fine-grain silver halide emulsion layers are widely used for holographic recording by counterpropagating continuous laser beams. In the case of recording with nanosecond pulse radiation in such layers [1,2], a substantial decrease (by a factor of up to 20) in the diffraction efficiency and light sensitivity is observed. The effect of lowering the speed of silver halide photosensitive materials at short high-intensity exposures (reciprocity failure) is known and it has been described in some works [3][4][5][6].As we showed earlier [7,8], one of the possibilities of enhancing the sensitivity of photographic materials to pulse radiation is increasing the silver halide grain size. However, the diffraction efficiency considerably declines in this case. The determination of the optimal grain size is a complicated problem, since the light sensitivity and the diffraction efficiency are related not only to the size of grains but also to their concentration, physicochemical properties, and exposure and chemical-processing conditions.Previously [8], this problem was studied with the use of special fractional layers prepared for the purpose from the "Kurchatov Institute" emulsion. Five fractions were isolated in which the average grain size varied from 50 to 25 nm; i.e., in the range covering the dimensions of grains of standard holographic materials at 5-10 nm intervals. As a result of this study, we revealed the following.(1) The character of latent image in silver halidebased holographic layers depends on the time characteristics of writing beam and is related to the grain size. 1 (2) The efficiency of holographic recording by radiation with a pulse duration of the order of 10 -8 s increases with an increase in the silver halide grain size.(3) Monodispersity requirements imposed on emulsions are less strict in the case of pulsed exposures as compared with recording by continuous light.Thus, the requirements for materials and chemicalprocessing conditions in pulse holographic recording differ from those in the case of recording with continuous radiation. On the preparation of initial light-sensitive systems and final holographic structure, there is a possibility of enhancing the efficiency of contradirectional recording by pulsed radiation, including that of nanosecond pulse duration.In order to optimize the size of grains, it is necessary first of all to have an emulsion synthesis process that allows the grain size to be finely controlled.In this work, we studied the feasibility of preparation of photographic emulsions with various grain sizes using the process for the manufacturing of photographic emulsions with relatively large grains (up to 50 nm) for holographic recording in cocurrent beams. EXPERIMENTALThe synthesis was conducted using the double-jet emulsification process. Solutions of silver nitrate and halide salts were automatically fed in portions to a gelatin solution. The size of portions was controlled by compressed-air pressure. The stirrer speed was 1000 rpm. The emulsification time of such an emulsion wa...

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Sulfur Sensitization and High-Intensity Reciprocity Failure of Silver Bromide Grains*

Cited by 27 publications

References 2 publications

Gold‐Containing Surface States on Photographic AgBr Grains: Roles besides Photoelectron‐Trapping

Gold‐Containing Surface States on Photographic AgBr Grains: Roles besides Photoelectron‐Trapping

The response of photographic materials to electrons with particular reference to electron micrography

Some Possibilities for the Enhancement of Light Sensitivity of Silver Halide Photographic Materials for Holographic Recording by Counter Propagating Continuous- and Pulsed-Radiation Beams

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