Sulfur mustard: Its continuing threat as a chemical warfare agent, the cutaneous lesions induced, progress in understanding its mechanism of action, its long-term health effects, and new developments for protection and therapy

Smith, Kathleen J.; Hurst, Charles G.; Moeller, Robert B.; Skelton, Henry G.; Sidell, Frederick R.

doi:10.1016/0190-9622(95)91457-9

Cited by 138 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Sulfur mustard (SM, di(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is probably most well known for its use as the chemical weapon mustard gas [1][2][3][4] although SM and related alkylating agents have been investigated as anti-tumor therapies. As a weapon, SM exposure may be lethal, but its main function is to cause incapacitating injury to the eyes, respiratory tract or skin [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of keratin intermediate filaments with sulfur mustard analogs

Hess

Fitzgerald

2007

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

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Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating agent with a history of use as a chemical weapon. The chemical reactivity of sulfur mustard toward both proteins and nucleic acids coupled with the hours long delay between exposure and appearance of blisters has prevented the determination of the mechanism of blister formation. We have treated assembled keratin intermediate filaments with analogs of sulfur mustard to simulate exposure to SM. We find that treatment of intact filaments with chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) or mechlorethamine (MEC) produces aggregates of keratin filaments with little native appearing structure. Treatment of a mix of epidermal keratins 1/10 (keratin pair 1 and 10) and keratins 5/14 with a sulfhydryl-specific modification reagent also results in filament abnormalities. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that modification of keratins by SM would result in keratin filament destruction, leading to lysis of epidermal basal cells and skin blistering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of keratin intermediate filaments with sulfur mustard analogs

Hess

Fitzgerald

2007

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

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“…Depletion of glutathione, generation of reactive oxygen species, and the formation of stable DNA adducts are considered key molecular mechanisms by which mustard chemical warfare agents induce tissue injury [33]. Recent in vitro studies demonstrate that DNA damage and changes in DNA repair occur soon (~ l-2h) after exposure to sulfur mustard [4,14,27] suggesting that DNA damage precedes mustard-induced tissue injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Damages Induced Neuronal Death

Kisby¹

2000

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“…They lead to cell damage by alkylation of DNA [115]. Symptom onset ranges from 1 to 12 h after exposure in a dose-dependent fashion [116], but it can be delayed.…”

Section: Sulfur Mustardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is 20% absorbed from the skin [115], and symptoms range from erythema and edema to necrosis and vesicles [116]. Groin and axillla are vulnerable due to their moisture and warmth [116].…”

Section: Sulfur Mustardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Neuroterrorism

Busl

Bleck

2012

Neurotherapeutics

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Bioterrorism is defined as the intentional use of biological, chemical, nuclear, or radiological agents to cause disease, death, or environmental damage. Early recognition of a bioterrorist attack is of utmost importance to minimize casualties and initiate appropriate therapy. The range of agents that could potentially be used as weapons is wide, however, only a few of these agents have all the characteristics making them ideal for that purpose. Many of the chemical and biological weapons can cause neurological symptoms and damage the nervous system in varying degrees. Therefore, preparedness among neurologists is important. The main challenge is to be cognizant of the clinical syndromes and to be able to differentiate diseases caused by bioterrorism from naturally occurring disorders. This review provides an overview of the biological and chemical warfare agents, with a focus on neurological manifestation and an approach to treatment from a perspective of neurological critical care.

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Sulfur mustard: Its continuing threat as a chemical warfare agent, the cutaneous lesions induced, progress in understanding its mechanism of action, its long-term health effects, and new developments for protection and therapy

Cited by 138 publications

References 41 publications

Treatment of keratin intermediate filaments with sulfur mustard analogs

Treatment of keratin intermediate filaments with sulfur mustard analogs

DNA Damages Induced Neuronal Death

Treatment of Neuroterrorism

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