Sulfur and phytoplankton: acquisition, metabolism and impact on the environment

Giordano, Mario; Norici, Alessandra; Hell, Rüdiger

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01335.x

Cited by 116 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…The lipid can easily be hydrolyzed by plant acyl-hydrolases, which liberate SQ-glycerol (1), and glucosidases can liberate SQ in the next step (25); however, it is still unclear whether higher plants are capable of splitting the carbon/sulfur bond in SQ at significant rates. Indeed, inorganic sulfate is the predominant source of sulfur for growth of plants and algae, for example, and plant growth can become sulfur/sulfate-limited, for example, in soils that are sulfurdeficient due to intensive agriculture and to the effective measures to reduce sulfur emissions to the atmosphere in recent years (26,27); phytoplankton growth in freshwater environments can also become sulfate/sulfur-limited (28). The recycling of the sulfur bound in SQ is catalyzed by heterotrophic bacteria, which can easily be enriched from soil (5,(7)(8)(9), and involves the degradation intermediates DHPS and SL, but no release of sulfate, if SQ-utilizing bacteria are grown in pure culture (10)(11)(12).…”

Section: Matching Mass Of the [M-h]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Entner–Doudoroff pathway for sulfoquinovose degradation in Pseudomonas putida SQ1

Felux

Spiteller

Klebensberger

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

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Sulfoquinovose (SQ; 6-deoxy-6-sulfoglucose) is the polar head group of the plant sulfolipid SQ-diacylglycerol, and SQ comprises a major proportion of the organosulfur in nature, where it is degraded by bacteria. A first degradation pathway for SQ has been demonstrated recently, a "sulfoglycolytic" pathway, in addition to the classical glycolytic (Embden-Meyerhof) pathway in Escherichia coli K-12; half of the carbon of SQ is abstracted as dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) and used for growth, whereas a C 3 -organosulfonate, 2,3-dihydroxypropane sulfonate (DHPS), is excreted. The environmental isolate Pseudomonas putida SQ1 is also able to use SQ for growth, and excretes a different C 3 -organosulfonate, 3-sulfolactate (SL). In this study, we revealed the catabolic pathway for SQ in P. putida SQ1 through differential proteomics and transcriptional analyses, by in vitro reconstitution of the complete pathway by five heterologously produced enzymes, and by identification of all four organosulfonate intermediates. The pathway follows a reaction sequence analogous to the Entner-Doudoroff pathway for glucose-6-phosphate: It involves an NAD + -dependent SQ dehydrogenase, 6-deoxy-6-sulfogluconolactone (SGL) lactonase, 6-deoxy-6-sulfogluconate (SG) dehydratase, and 2-keto-3,6-dideoxy-6-sulfogluconate (KDSG) aldolase. The aldolase reaction yields pyruvate, which supports growth of P. putida, and 3-sulfolactaldehyde (SLA), which is oxidized to SL by an NAD(P) + -dependent SLA dehydrogenase. All five enzymes are encoded in a single gene cluster that includes, for example, genes for transport and regulation. Homologous gene clusters were found in genomes of other P. putida strains, in other gamma-Proteobacteria, and in beta-and alpha-Proteobacteria, for example, in genomes of Enterobacteria, Vibrio, and Halomonas species, and in typical soil bacteria, such as Burkholderia, Herbaspirillum, and Rhizobium.bacterial biodegradation | organosulfonate | sulfolipid | 6-deoxy-6-sulfoglucose | sulfur cycle S ulfoquinovose (SQ; 6-deoxy-6-sulfoglucose) is the polar head group of the plant sulfolipids sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols (SQDGs), which were discovered more than 60 y ago (1). The sulfolipids are located in the photosynthetic (thylakoid) membranes of all higher plants, mosses, ferns, and algae, as well as in most photosynthetic bacteria. They are also present in some nonphotosynthetic bacteria, and SQ is in the surface layer of some archaea (2-4). SQ is continuously degraded in all environments where SQ is produced, or it would enrich in these environments. The complete degradation of SQ to, ultimately, CO 2 , concomitant with a recycling of the bound sulfur in the form of inorganic sulfate, is dominated by microbes (e.g., by soil bacteria) (2, 5-9). However, a more detailed exploration of SQ-degrading microbes, of their SQ-degradation pathways, and of the enzymes and genes involved has only recently been initiated (10-12). The common view on SQ degradation is based on the consideration that SQ is a structural analog of glucose-6...

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Section: Matching Mass Of the [M-h]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Entner–Doudoroff pathway for sulfoquinovose degradation in Pseudomonas putida SQ1

Felux

Spiteller

Klebensberger

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

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“…Unlike for nitrogen and phosphorus, cyanobacteria are not believed to be capable of storing sulfur in specific intracellular structures. Therefore, these cells need strategies to deal with variable sulfur availability in habitats such as freshwater environments, where it often may become limiting (23,28).…”

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confidence: 99%

Sulfate-Driven Elemental Sparing Is Regulated at the Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Levels in a Filamentous Cyanobacterium

et al. 2011

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Sulfur is an essential nutrient that can exist at growth-limiting concentrations in freshwater environments. The freshwater cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon (also known as Tolypothrix sp. PCC 7601) is capable of remodeling the composition of its light-harvesting antennae, or phycobilisomes, in response to changes in the sulfur levels in its environment. Depletion of sulfur causes these cells to cease the accumulation of two forms of a major phycobilisome protein called phycocyanin and initiate the production of a third form of phycocyanin, which possesses a minimal number of sulfur-containing amino acids. Since phycobilisomes make up approximately 50% of the total protein in these cells, this elemental sparing response has the potential to significantly influence the fitness of this species under low-sulfur conditions. This response is specific for sulfate and occurs over the physiological range of sulfate concentrations likely to be encountered by this organism in its natural environment. F. diplosiphon has two separate sulfur deprivation responses, with low sulfate levels activating the phycobilisome remodeling response and low sulfur levels activating the chlorosis or bleaching response. The phycobilisome remodeling response results from changes in RNA abundance that are regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The potential of this response, and the more general bleaching response of cyanobacteria, to provide sulfur-containing amino acids during periods of sulfur deprivation is examined.

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“…Marine algae live in an environment with about 30 mM sulfate and hardly experience a deficiency situation. However, sweet water algae and land plants retrieve sulfate from solutions in the micromolar range (Giordano et al 2005). They are equipped with high-affinity sulfate transporters that operate with half-maximal activity in the low micromolar range and are rapidly de-repressed upon sulfate removal from the solution (see Sect.…”

Section: Acclimatory Responses To Sulfur Starvationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Biology of Sulfur and Its Functions in Plants

Hell

Khan²,

Wirtz

2010

Plant Cell Monographs

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Sulfur is one of the most versatile elements in life. It functions in fundamental processes such as electron transport, structure, and regulation. In plants, additional roles have developed with respect to photosynthetic oxygen production, abiotic and biotic stress resistance and secondary metabolism. Sulfate uptake, reductive assimilation, and integration into cysteine and methionine are the central processes that direct oxidized and reduced forms of organically-bound sulfur into its various functions. These steps are distributed between several cellular compartments and tightly regulated by supply, demand, and environmental factors in a network with assimilation of carbon and nitrogen. Signaling cues such as sulfate availability and thiol-based redox homeostasis via glutathione and their integrating by sensing systems will be presented in this chapter and analyzed.

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Sulfur and phytoplankton: acquisition, metabolism and impact on the environment

Cited by 116 publications

References 141 publications

Entner–Doudoroff pathway for sulfoquinovose degradation in Pseudomonas putida SQ1

Entner–Doudoroff pathway for sulfoquinovose degradation in Pseudomonas putida SQ1

Sulfate-Driven Elemental Sparing Is Regulated at the Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Levels in a Filamentous Cyanobacterium

Cellular Biology of Sulfur and Its Functions in Plants

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