Sulfoxaflor resistance in Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) induces negligible cross‐resistance to other tested insecticides: stability, risk assessment, and fitness cost

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) is a polyphagous insect pest. In Pakistan, O. hyalinipennis is managed by using different insecticides, a major concern for cotton producers, and has developed resistance to many of these. Sulfoxaflor belongs to a newly released sulfoximine family that has high efficacy for controlling sap-feeding insect pests.RESULTS: A sulfoxaflor selected-population (Sulfo-Sel-Pop) of O. hyalinipennis showed a 3064.92-fold level of resistance after continuous selection for 18 generations with sulfoxaflor compared to unselected population (UNSel-Pop). The Sulfo-Sel-Pop showed a reduction in resistance (from 3064.92 to 635-fold) without exposure for five generations, indicating unstable resistance to sulfoxaflor. Cross-resistance studies of the Sulfo-Sel-Pop revealed no or very low cross-resistance to triazophos (0.42 to 0.30-fold), deltamethrin (0.85 to 0.18-fold) and acetamiprid (1.16 to 4.86-fold) from G 4 to G 19 compared to the field population (Field-Pop). The mean value of realized heritability was 0.15 in the Sulfo-Sel-Pop (G 19 ). Significantly reduced relative fitness was determined in the Sulfo-Sel-Pop (Rf = 0.21) followed by Crossand Cross 2 [(Sulfo-Sel-Pop ♀ × UNSel-Pop ♂) (Rf = 0.70)] compared with the UNSel-Pop. The values of intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ), biotic potential (Bp) fecundity, egg hatching, and net reproductive rate (R0) were also significantly less in the Sulfo-Sel-Pop compared to UNSel-Pop. CONCLUSION: A very high fitness cost, unstable resistance and no or very low cross-resistance in the Sulfo-Sel-Pop have great implications in designing effective strategies for managing insecticide resistance to O. hyalinipennis.