Sulfonation of macroporous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads: Effect of the proportion of isomers on their cation exchange capacity

Toro, Claudio; Rodrigo, Raúl; Cuellar, Jorge

doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.06.010

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…On the other hand, for the other sulfonation temperatures the ion exchange capacities are quite similar and not far from those exhibited by commercial materials, i.e. 4.7 meq g −1 52. However, it was observed that even at 35 °C the sulfonation reaction gave rise to a significant amount of cracked particles (55 wt%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…The second approach involves functionalization of the resin (after its synthesis) using sulfonating reagent like sulfur trioxide,43, 44 sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid or acetyl sulfate 45–47. Sulfuric acid has been commonly used in the sulfonation of styrene‐divinylbenzene macroporous resins48–53 and chlorosulfonic acid is also widely used 54–60. However, chlorosulfonation gave a higher rate of sulfonation than concentrated sulfuric acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functionalization of microcapsules for the removal of heavy metal ions

Sánchez-Silva

Alcázar

Lucas

et al. 2010

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND: Solvent extraction and ion exchange technologies have been widely used for the recovery or removal of heavy metals from aqueous phases. However, different problems have been encountered on applying these techniques. Although the extractants are highly selective, this technique requires a high level of mechanical agitation to improve the kinetics of the process, a requirement that promotes leakage of the extractant from the aqueous/organic interface to the aqueous phase during separation of the two phases. On the other hand, ion exchangers can easily be regenerated but gel form resins have low selectivity and those with high selectivity (chelating resins) have low diffusion coefficients, a characteristic that leads to low mass transfer rates. An interesting alternative to overcome these limitations is the microencapsulation of extractants within a functionalized polymeric shell. This new type of material would be expected to combine the advantages of the aforementioned methods and improve selective removal of heavy metals from an aqueous phase.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalization of microcapsules for the removal of heavy metal ions

Sánchez-Silva

Alcázar

Lucas

et al. 2010

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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“…Influence of Crosslink Agent. The crosslink agent might improve crosslink density and lead to high mechanical strength, good heat resistance, and high duration [25], but at the same time, it could bring some other shortcomings. The choice of crosslink agent amount would have a great impact on the final properties of polymer beads.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfonic Containing Polymer Bead Synthesized through Inverse Suspension Polymerization and Its Characteristics for Esterification Catalyst

Shan

Wang

Nie

et al. 2019

Advances in Polymer Technology

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The sulfonic containing polymer bead was synthesized using sodium p-styrenesulfonate (SSS) and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) through inverse suspension polymerization and evaluated as catalyst for esterification of of n-octanol and acrylic acid. The influence of some principal factors, such as combination dispersant, crosslink agent content, posttreatment methods, and porogen types, was investigated in detail. The results showed that the morphology and characteristics of polymer beads were controllable. The polymer beads with 20wt% crosslink agent showed the best catalysis ability achieving almost 96% esterification conversion at the first time and 80% after 5 cycles.

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“…Toro et al utilized concentrated sulfuric acid to sulfonate high crosslinking PS‐DVB microsphere. However, there were a few shortcomings existed in this method: (1) the demanded amount of concentrated sulfuric acid was very large during the sulfonation, about three to four times more than microsphere; (2) the time of sulfonation was very long, the reaction temperature needed was very high, and even the catalyst was needed; (3) the water produced in the sulfonation was not of benefit to further the reaction.…”

Section: Functionalization Of Ps‐dvb Microspherementioning

confidence: 99%