Sulfation Patterns of Saccharides and Heavy Metal Ion Binding

Alshanski, Israel; Blaszkiewicz, Joanna; Mervinetsky, Evgeniy; Rademann, Jörg; Yitzchaik, Shlomo; Hurevich, Mattan

doi:10.1002/chem.201901538

Cited by 22 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Results with oxytocin-coated electrodes were positive for detecting low levels of trace metals, as recently reported (Figure 7) [85]. Electrodes were also coated with sulfated tetra-saccharide analogues [87,88] of hyaluronate, exhibited unique sensitivity to different race metal cations [86].…”

Section: Heuristic Implications Of the Tripartite Mechanismsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Possibly, such a possibility will expand the computer horizens beyond the limitations of Moore's Law [87]. Such experimental techniques go a long way to buttress the tripartite concept and lend credibility to this biochemical approach to a heretofore unapproachable mental process [86][87][88]. Figure 6.…”

Section: Heuristic Implications Of the Tripartite Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The red region describes bacterial signaling with modulating molecules, notably biogenic amines, amino acids, acetyl choline and NO (Table 1); blue region relates to neural memory involving signaling with additional neuropeptides (Table 1); orange refers to higher cognitive talents emerging from more complex neural signaling. Of course, trace metals and NTs are available to all these biologic systems [87,88]…”

Section: Heuristic Implications Of the Tripartite Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Encoding neural memory

Marx¹,

Gilon²

2021

Frontiers Drug Chemistry Clinical Res

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In the interest of elucidating neural processes underlying memory, many have looked to computer information-theory and code, despite that these are inherently "demotive" i.e. lacking emotive qualities that render "meaning" or "value" to conscious experience. We review various textual coding schemes (i.e. Morse, Bar, QR) and consider their relevance to neural coding of "memory".We employ a psycho-chemical approach to describe the emotive neural memory code. The proposed tripartite mechanism and iconography involves the interactions of neurons with their surrounding extracellular matrix (nECM). Incoming perceptions are encoded into the nECM by neurons ejecting trace metal cations and neurotransmittters (NTs). They combine within local "addresses" in the nECM to form metal-centered complexes i.e. cognitive units of information (cuinfo). Neurotransmittter (NT) binding thereto confers emotive qualities to the cuinfo.In short, the neuron employs chemo-affinity processes to encode (emotive) cognitive information. The nECM is the "library" while the metal cations and the NTs are the "dopants". NTs are physiologic encoding elements, the molecular signifiers of emotive states. Such a neuro-chemical code for memory has many credible features. Namely it:• Employs the nECM surrounding neurons as a "library" of coding "addresses".• Employs dopants (metal cations and NTs) available to neurons, to encode units of memory.• Encodes emotive (affective) states with NTs.• Presents a multi-code (n>100), more complex than the binary code (n=2) of the computer.• Entangles emotive memory with physiologic reactions.• Is phylogenetically conservative. It starts with bacterial signaling and evolves with neural nets which ultimately achieves a phase change of "metabolic energy" into "mentality".We schematically represent the evolving chemo-affinity neural code as a phase transition of emerging mental talents of neural circuits.

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Section: Heuristic Implications Of the Tripartite Mechanismsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Heuristic Implications Of the Tripartite Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Heuristic Implications Of the Tripartite Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Encoding neural memory

Marx¹,

Gilon²

2021

Frontiers Drug Chemistry Clinical Res

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“…Uniquely sulfated tetra-saccharides were prepared (Table 1) and used to coat the EIS electrode Surface to form the tetra-hyaluron glass, coated electrode (HA4-GCE) for testing for sensitivity to metal cations. (Alshanski et al 2019) The hyluron tetra-saccharides (galactosamine N-Ac -Glucuronic acid; (GlcNAc-GlcA)2), were prepared as analogues of hyaluron (HA), a major polymeric component of the nECM (Rother et al, 2016; Yoon, 2016). While hyaluron is not generally sulfated, its tetra-saccharides serves as a good analogue of the generally sulfated chondroitins (glucosamine N-Ac-Glucuronic acid; GluNAc-GlcA)n (n≥ 2).…”

Section: "Neulectrode" Type 2: Sulfated Oligo-saccharide Coated Impedance Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Tripartite Mechanism of Neural Memory: Proof-of-Concept with Neuromimetic Impedence Electrodes

Marx¹,

Gilon²

2020

BRCR

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The idea that neural signaling is the basis of mental processes has a long history. We graphically summarize salient developments in the neurobiology of signaling, as a Timeline. In particular, we review the “tripartite mechanism” of neural memory, which centers on the interactions between a neuron with its surrounding extracellular matrix (nECM) doped with metals and neurotransmitters (NTs). Essentially, the neuron employs the nECM as its “memory material”, wherein it uses dopants to encode cognitive units of information (termed “cuinfo”). The NTs, which elicit bodily reactions (feelings), also encode past feelings as emotions, which “color” mental states in real-time and in memory. In the interest of developing experimental tests of the tripartite mechanism, impedance glass electrodes were covalently coated with an exemplar NT (oxytocin) or a sulfated tetra-saccharide analog of the nECM, were constructed and tested. The two types of coated, neuro-mimetic electrodes, termed “neulectrodes”, were capable of detecting metals, such as Hg+2, Pb+2, Cd+2, Cu+2, and Zn+2 with very high selectivity and sensitivity. The “neulectrodes” demonstrated that the chemodynamic interactions of metal cations with NTs or nECM-saccharide analogues can translate into electrodynamic signals. They experimentally validate the concept of the tripartite mechanism that underlies the chemo-electric encoding of neural memory.

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“…5 Due to their unique gelation properties and tendency to bind metals 6 and/or proteins, 5 they are useful biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. 2,[7][8][9][10] Little is known on how a particular charge pattern can affect the material properties, [11][12][13] partially due to the lack of pure samples with well-defined structures. Polysaccharides, generally extracted from natural sources as heterogeneous mixtures, limit definitive structure-property correlations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%