Sulfated vizantin causes detachment of biofilms composed mainly of the genus Streptococcus without affecting bacterial growth and viability

Abstract

Background Sulfated vizantin, a recently developed immunostimulant, has also been found to exert antibiofilm properties. It acts not as a bactericide, but as a detachment-promoting agent by reducing the biofilm structural stability. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying this activity and its species specificity using two distinct ex vivo oral biofilm models derived from human saliva. Results The biofilm, composed mainly of the genus Streptococcus and containing 50 μM of sulfated vizantin, detached significantly from its basal surface with rotation at 500 rpm for only 15 s, even when 0.2% sucrose was supplied. Expression analyses for genes associated with biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion following identification of the Streptococcus species, revealed that a variety of Streptococcus species in a cariogenic biofilm showed downregulation of genes encoding glucosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of water-soluble glucan. The expression of some genes encoding surface proteins was also downregulated. Of the two quorum sensing systems involved in the genus Streptococcus, the expression of luxS in three species, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus mutans, was significantly downregulated in the presence of 50 μM sulfated vizantin. Biofilm detachment may be facilitated by the reduced structural stability due to these modulations. As a non-specific reaction, 50 μM sulfated vizantin decreased cell surface hydrophobicity by binding to the cell surface, resulting in reduced bacterial adherence. Conclusion Sulfated vizantin may be a candidate for a new antibiofilm strategy targeting the biofilm matrix while preserving the resident microflora.

Development of a Water Soluble Self-assembling Analogue of Vizantin

“…Finally, after removing the ion-exchange resin, the mixture was subjected to SEC with Sephadex ® G-25 to give the desired 3. [26][27][28][29][30][31] However, the overall yield of 3 from vizantin was only 29%. Thus, we embarked on improving the synthesis method in more detail (Table 1).…”

Antibiofilm Properties and Demineralization Suppression in Early Enamel Lesions Using Dental Coating Materials

“…To investigate the gene transcription associated with biofilm formation, bacterial adherence, acid production, and acid tolerance, S. mutans biofilms that had formed on the specimens were collected and washed twice with PBS. The bacterial pellet was resuspended in a TRI reagent (Molecular Research Center, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) and chemically pulverized with Lysing Matrix B using a MagNA Lyser at 7000 rpm for 30 s. RNA isolation was performed using a Direct-zol RNA kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA), as described previously [44]. RNA was reverse-transcribed using SuperScript VILO Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and qPCR with cDNA was performed using a StepOnePlus real-time PCR system with the SYBR Green detection protocol.…”

Periodontal Pathogens Inhabit Root Caries Lesions Extending beyond the Gingival Margin: A Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis

“…The samples were divided into two experimental groups: root caries that existed independently above the gingival margin (SG), and root caries that progressed below the gingival margin (GCB). The bacterial microbiota was investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq system (2 × 300 bp paired-end reads) (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) as described previously with some modifications [25,26] (Bioengineering Lab. Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan).…”

“…A representative sequence for each operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was selected for taxonomic assignment with reference to the EzBioCloud 16S database. Protocols for amplicon libraries have been described previously [25,26].…”