Sulfated perfluoropolymer–CNF composite as a gas-phase benzene nitration catalyst

The Effect of Temperature on the Production of Nitrobenzene

“…It is of interest because of its characteristics as an electrophilic substitution [1]. Nitration of aromatics is a large scale industrial process with global production of about 4-5 million tons of commercially valuable chemicals (nitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene) per year [2].…”

Computer-Aided Exergy Sensibility Analysis of Nitrobenzene Production through Benzene Nitration Using an Acid Mixture

“…e nitrobenzene is produced via nitration of benzene using a mixture of concentrated acids [14]. e sulfuric acid medium acts as a catalyst and dehydrating agent that bonds with water to ensure that all of the nitric acid is employed for nitration [8,9]. Some of the reactives (streams 1, 2, and 4) are transported from storage tanks to the adiabatic mixer using a pump.…”

“…Nitrobenzene is commercially produced via nitration of benzene with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids, which is an excellent example of reactions in the liquid phase [6,7]. e sulfuric acid acts as a homogeneous nitration catalyst and at the same time as a dehydrating agent protonating the HNO 3 molecules, while nitric acid acts as the main nitration agent [8,9]. is reaction occurs quickly and is highly exothermic; hence, temperature must be controlled to avoid formation of more by-products, decomposition of nitric acid, and even explosion [10].…”

“…e nitration of benzene is commonly used because of its high efficiency; however, it is not environment friendly due to the huge amount of acid wastes generated in this hazardous industrial process, which include diluted sulfuric acid (0.9 ton wastes per 1 ton of commercial products) obtained after reaction and formation of water and nitrophenols formed as by-products [8,11,12]. To overcome these drawbacks, many efforts have been made on developing improvements involving lower energy consumption and various clean nitration approaches [13].…”

A New Route to Cyclohexanone using H2CO3 as a Molecular Catalytic Ligand to Boost the Thorough Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes over Pd Nanocatalysts

“…Here, we describe the use of carbonic acid, generated from dissolved CO 2 in water, as unique catalytic “binder” ligands to boost a mild and efficient synthetic process for transforming benzene via nitrobenzene to cyclohexanone in high yields (Figure c). As compared to other substrates (cyclohexane and phenol), the synthesis of nitrobenzene from the complete nitrification of benzene is only usually prepared using zeolite or solid acid under relatively mild conditions with much lower energy consumption (Figure a and 1b) . Besides, H 2 CO 3 can activate the supported Pd nanocatalysts and thereby boost the formation of cyclohexanone as the main product from the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene in water at room temperature, yielding cyclohexanone in excess of 90 %; note that cyclohexanone is usually the minor byproduct under pure H 2 atmosphere .…”