Sulfate ingress in Portland cement

Lothenbach, Barbara; Bary, Benoı̂t; Bescop, P. Le; Schmidt, Thomas E.; Leterrier, Nikos

doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.04.004

Cited by 149 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…As the pH increases, so must the sulfate content (Bellmann et al, 2006). This agrees with thermodynamic investigations (Damidot and Glasser, 1993;Lothenbach et al, 2010), with gypsum predicted to precipitate at higher sulfate concentrations. Some studies have seen the formation of gypsum in already formed cracks (Gollop and Taylor, 1992;Schmidt et al, 2009) and as such its impact on expansion can be debated.…”

Section: Precipitation Of Gypsumsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…There is no link between the amount of ettringite and/or gypsum precipitation and the extent of expansion (Kunther et al, 2013a;Odler and Colan-Subauste, 1999). Lothenbach et al (2010) showed that the increase in solids volume upon sulfate attack did not exceed the total capillary porosity, when modelling for changes in phase assemblage for a neat mortar exposed to either 4 g/l or 44 g/l of sodium sulfate (Figure 1). Therefore, if the expansive agents formed only in the capillary pores, then no expansion should occur.…”

Section: Precipitation Of Ettringitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of highly concentrated solutions (El-Hachem et al, 2012a;Mullauer et al, 2013;Schmidt et al, 2009;Yu et al, 2013) usually accelerate attack, although Yu et al (2013) noticed that the penetration depth of sulfate in mortar samples is independent of the sulfate concentration. Highly concentrated sulfate solutions, however, will favour the formation of gypsum (Bellmann et al, 2006;Lothenbach et al, 2010).…”

Section: Effect Of Exposure Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He attributed this effect to a reduction of the pH hindering ettringite growth. Lothenbach et al (2010) modelled the effect of leaching, which was greatest if the solution continuously flowed.…”

Section: Effect Of Solution Renewalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Whittaker¹,

Black²

2015

Advances in Cement Research

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This paper offers an update of the current understanding of sulfate attack, with emphasis on the sulfates present in an external water source percolating through, and potentially reacting with, the cement matrix. The paper considers the explanations put forward to explain sulfate attack, both from a chemical and microstructural perspective.Similarly, this paper reviews work on the physical damage caused by the precipitation of sulfate salts in porous materials. With the increased use of binary and ternary blends, this paper also considers the impact of binder composition on sulfate resistance, and similarly reviews how the nature of the sulfate species can affect the nature and extent of any deterioration. This then leads on to the important consideration of differences between field-and lab-based studies, reviewing the effect of various experimental parameters on sulfate resistance. This latter topic is of great importance to anyone who wishes to carry out such experiments.

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Section: Precipitation Of Gypsumsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Precipitation Of Ettringitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Exposure Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Solution Renewalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Whittaker¹,

Black²

2015

Advances in Cement Research

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“…Furthermore, these models did not couple the hydration and micropore structure formation models with the reactive transport models. Some thermodynamic models are available in literature to simulate the hydration of cement particles; these include a detailed thermodynamic reaction between cement hydrates and an aqueous solution (Lothenbach and Winnefeld 2006;Lothenbath 2010a;Lothenbach et al 2010b). However, a detailed ionic transport is missing in these models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Verification of an Integrated Physicochemical and Geochemical Modelling Framework for Performance Assessment of Cement-Based Materials

Elakneswaran

Ishida

2014

ACT

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In this study, a multi-scale model called DuCOM (Durability COncrete Model), which is developed by the Concrete Laboratory at the University of Tokyo, is extended by coupling the geochemical code PHREEQC. The coupled numerical framework can address physicochemical and geochemical processes such as the hydration of cement particles, pore structure formation, multispecies transport, activity effect, thermodynamic reaction between aqueous solution and solids, etc. in cementitious materials, and therefore, it can potentially be used to assess the long-term durability of concrete structures. The model prediction for the composition of cement hydrates, pore solution chemistry, calcium profiles for the cement paste exposed in pure water, and calcium and sulphur profiles for the cement paste immersed in the sodium sulphate solution are qualitatively and quantitatively compared with experimental results obtained from literature. Finally, the importance of the strong coupling among various processes and mechanisms in the DuCOM-PHREEQC system is discussed.

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