Sulfate effects on sulfate-resistant cement–treated expansive soil

Raja, P. Sriram Karthick; Thyagaraj, T.

doi:10.1007/s10064-019-01714-9

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The stabilization process with the addition of cement to the soil was performed in two stages: cement hydration (short term) and pozzolanic reactions (long term). These two stages resulted mainly in soil stabilization by calcium-based stabilizers such as cement [112]. The hydration of cement resulted in the production of calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) Ca(OH) 2 , and then pozzolanic reactions occurred as the following [113]:…”

Section: Microstructure Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength and Durability of Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil

et al. 2021

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The transportation infrastructure, including low-volume roads in some regions, needs to be constructed on weak ground, implying the necessity of soil stabilization. Untreated and cement-treated lateritic soil for low-volume road suitability were studied based on Malaysian standards. A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests was performed for four cement doses (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%) for different curing times. According to Malaysian standards, the study suggested 6% cement and 7 days curing time as the optimum cement dosage and curing time, respectively, based on their 0.8 MPa UCS values. The durability test indicated that the specimens treated with 3% cement collapsed directly upon soaking in water. Although the UCS of 6% cement-treated specimens decreased against wetting–drying (WD) cycles, the minimum threshold based on Malaysian standards was still maintained against 15 WD cycles. On the contrary, the durability of specimens treated with 9% and 12% cement represented a UCS increase against WD cycles. FESEM results indicated the formation of calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH), calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), and calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (CASH) as well as shrinking of pore size when untreated soil was mixed with cement. The formation of gels (CAH, CSH, CASH) and decreasing pore size could be clarified by EDX results in which the increase in cement content increased calcium.

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Section: Microstructure Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength and Durability of Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil

et al. 2021

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“…Consequently, the soil's efficient contact area and the interlinkage between the fibre and the soil are enhanced. In contrast, polypropylene fibre drew out the soil because of weaker superficial adhesion on the soilfibre interaction surface, resulting in a gap between thesoil and the fibre [60].…”

Section: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressive and Shear Strengths of Coir Fibre Reinforced Activated Carbon Stabilised Lateritic Soil

et al. 2022

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Constructing structures on lateritic soil is challenging in geotechnical engineering due to the various physical and geotechnical characteristics. Many studies investigated different stabiliser materials to strengthen the geotechnical parameters of lateritic soil. This study used activated carbon and coir fibre (ACF) to stabilise lateritic soils as an environmentally friendly binder. Experiments including the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and the direct shear test (DST) are performed to investigate the mechanical properties of ACF-stabilised soil for different percentages of activated carbon (AC). Before and after ACF stabilisation, microstructural characterisations of soil samples were performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and surface-area analysis (BET). The experimental results demonstrate that 3% ACF can considerably enhance the compressive strength, while 2% ACF significantly improves the shear strength, of lateritic soil. Accordant to the UCS results, using fibre in AC-stabilised soil improves post-peak behaviour and residual strength. Moreover, 2% ACF can significantly improve shear strength by creating an interlocking matrix among AC, soil particles, and fibre. The microstructural characterisation based on the findings obtained by FESEM and BET analysis confirms that AC particles fill soil voids. AC restrains the soil movement when exposed to external stresses. In addition, the formation of gel in the stabilised soil matrix binds the soil particles, increasing the strength of the ACF-stabilised soil in comparison with untreated soil.

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“…Cement-treated aggregates have been widely used in modern construction, such as railway subgrades and road bases. However, when the surrounding environment or the soils contain sulfate, it may cause damage to the cement-treated aggregates, such as expansion, cracking, loosening, and materials peeling off [1][2][3]. Sulfate attack on cement-treated aggregates (SACA) is a well-known problem that causes severe damage to concrete structures in addition to remarkable heave.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sulfate Attack on the Expansion Behavior of Cement-Treated Aggregates

Wang,

Liu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Materials

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The expansion induced by sulfate attack on cement-treated aggregates (SACA) is a well-known problem that can be solved. It causes obvious heaves in road bases and railway subgrades. In this paper, the effects of the sodium sulfate content, cement content, degree of compaction, sulfate types, attack types, aluminum ion supply, concentration of curing sulfate solution, and temperature on the expansion behavior induced by SACA were investigated over 60 days in the laboratory. Based on the Sobol sensitivity analysis method, the influence of the sensitivity of each factor on the expansion was quantitatively analyzed, and the dominant factor of expansion was proposed. Results show that sulfate content is the domain factor of expansion that is induced by SACA, and it presents a logarithmic function relationship with strain. The 0.5% sodium sulfate content is the minimum sulfate content which causes the expansion that is induced by SACA. When the sulfate content is less than 1%, the expansion induced by SACA is minor. When the sulfate content is between 1% and 3%, the expansion behavior is expressed in four stages as follows: rapid strain increase, followed by a short stagnation period, then a significant strain increase and, finally, constant strain. When the sulfate content is greater than 5%, there are two stages comprising the expansion behavior as follows: the rapid strain increases and constant strain occurs. Greater sulfate content, greater degree of compaction, and lower temperature have positive effects on the expansion induced by SACA. The cement content does not have a consistent effect on expansion behavior. Compared with a sodium sulfate attack, both the reaction rate and expansion of cement-treated aggregates that are attacked by gypsum are smaller, and the attack period is also longer. When the sulfate content is greater than 1%, the addition of kaolin promotes the progression of the expansion induced by SACA. A small amount of water is sufficient for the demand for the sulfate attack. When the sulfate content is at a certain level, the expansion induced by SACA that is under external attack is much smaller than the expansion that is under internal attack. This study is expected to serve as a reference for future research on the mechanics of SACA, and it attempts to provide theoretical support for amending expansions that are induced by SACA.

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Sulfate effects on sulfate-resistant cement–treated expansive soil

Cited by 14 publications

References 34 publications

Strength and Durability of Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil

Strength and Durability of Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil

Compressive and Shear Strengths of Coir Fibre Reinforced Activated Carbon Stabilised Lateritic Soil

Effect of Sulfate Attack on the Expansion Behavior of Cement-Treated Aggregates

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