Sulfate budget and a model for sulfate concentrations in stream water at Birkenes, a Small forested catchment in southernmost Norway

Abstract

observed and simulated runoff volumes and sulfate outputs, contains two minor errors. For 1978 the simulated runoff volume should be 205 mm instead of 246 mm, and the sulfate output should be 1421 mg SO4 m-2 instead of 1758 mg SO4 m-2.

Surface and subsurface water contributions during snowmelt in a small Precambrian Shield watershed, Muskoka, Ontario

“…Stream water chemistry models (e.g. Christophersen and Wright, 1981) critically depend on an adequate hydrologie submodel, because most of the chemicals entering and leaving watersheds are in solution.…”

Environmental conflicts: The case of Acid Rain in Europe

“…This depends on the percolation rate, the water volume in the A reservoir and the space left in the B reservoir. The latter reservoir provides the baseflow coming from deeper soil layer (5). The rate with which the water is discharged from the 13 reservoir to streams and lakes is limited by hydraulic conductivity, surface slope, soil moisture, catchment width and terrestrial catchment area.…”

“…The volumes of A-and B reservoir are used in the soil chemistry module to compute the acid stress within the two reservoirs. The soil chemistry module resembles equations (5) to (8) with the difference that two soil layers are used. The acid stress in the A layer is defined by equation (5) while the acid stress in the B-layer is defined as a function of both the acid stress in the A layer and the percolation rate from the A to the B reservoir.…”

“…The soil chemistry module resembles equations (5) to (8) with the difference that two soil layers are used. The acid stress in the A layer is defined by equation (5) while the acid stress in the B-layer is defined as a function of both the acid stress in the A layer and the percolation rate from the A to the B reservoir. The final output of the soil chemistry module is the quantity of acidity and the quantity of alkalinity.…”

Work plan of the Neversink watershed study in the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York

“…Past concern over the effects of atmospheric deposition has resulted in the development of several process-based models that predict effects of various deposition scenarios on water quality (Christophersen and Wright, 1981;Cosby and others, 1985;Gherini and others, 1985). The structure of these models is typically derived from mechanisms studied in plo* experiments and extrapolated to the small-watershed scale through "lumping" or statistical averaging, but the effects of acid precipitation in many small watersheds, including those sampled in the Catskills, show a spatial variation that is not random, but rather is systematically related to stream position on a hillslope (Johnson and others, 1981;Lawrence and others, 1986; U.S. Geological Survey, unpublished data); this variation makes spatial averaging inappropriate.…”