Experimental studies on a bacterial sulfate receptor have indicated anomalous relative binding affinities for the mutations Ser,,o + Cys, Ser,30 + Gly, and Ser,,, + Ala. The loss of affinity for sulfate in the former mutation was previously attributed to a greater steric effect on the part of the Cys side chain relative to the Ser side chain, whereas the relatively small loss of binding affinity for the latter two mutations was attributed to the loss of a single hydrogen bond. In this report we present quantum chemical and statistical thermodynamic studies of these mutations. Qualitative results from these studies indicate that for the Ser,,, -+ Cys mutation the large decrease in binding affinity is in part caused by steric effects, but also significantly by the differential work required to polarize the Cys thiol group relative to the Ser hydroxyl group. The Gly mutant cobinds a water molecule in the same location as the Ser side chain resulting in a relatively small decrease in binding affinity. Results for the Ala mutant are in disagreement, with experimental results but are likely to be limited by insufficient sampling of configuration space due to physical constraints applied during the simulation.Keywords: binding proteins; molecular recognition; polarization effects; protein engineering; simulation Site-directed mutagenesis has become one of the most powerful and significant tools for molecular biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Protein engineering, binding studies of drugs and receptors, and mechanistic studies in enzymology and molecular biology all depend on correct interpretations of mutagenesis work. In fact, accurate interpretations can be the basis for considerable investments in time and money by researchers in academia and industry.Several classes of mutations are considered to be relatively conservative, that is, substitution of one amino acid residue for a homologous one (such as isoleucine for leucine, aspartate for -Reprint requests to: J.