Sulfate and Nitrate Concentrations from a South Greenland Ice Core

Mayewski, Paul Andrew; Lyons, W. Berry; Spencer, Mark G.; Twickler, Mark S.; Dansgaard, W.; Koci, B.; Davidson, Cliff I.; Honrath, R. E.

doi:10.1126/science.232.4753.975

Cited by 199 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…1). The above trend in pH is also consistent with SO 2− 4 and NO − 3 trends in Greenland ice cores (Mayewski et al, 1986). Based on these sensitivity studies, all other simulations assume a cloud pH of 5.0 except for the PD Northern Hemisphere where the pH is 4.5.…”

Section: Global Oxidantssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Cloud water pH on the PD-PI timescale is impacted by anthropogenic emissions of sulfuric and nitric acid precursors in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Northern high latitudes the acidity of precipitation has increased since the PI (Mayewski et al, 1986), while there has been no change in the Antarctic. Cragin et al (1987) showed that a South Pole ice core spanning the past 2000 years has an average pH of 5.37 ± 0.08 with no trend in time.…”

Section: Model Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Δ17O(SO42–)

2011

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Abstract. We use a global three-dimensional chemical transport model to quantify the influence of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production mechanisms and oxidant concentrations constrained by observations of the oxygen isotopic composition ( ). Additional model simulations are conducted to explore the sensitivity of the oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate to uncertainties in the preindustrial emissions of oxidant precursors.

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Section: Global Oxidantssupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Model Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Δ17O(SO42–)

2011

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“…These measurements (Greenland ice core; Mayewski et al, 1986) show an increase in nsssulfate and nitrate concentration by a factor of 2.8 (from 30 to 84 µg kg −1 ) and 2.1 (from 55 to 115 µg kg −1 ), respectively, since preindustrial times that is lower than the calculated increase by the model (3.9 and 6.4, respectively). Although both measurements and model results are associated with large uncertainties, they indicate that significant changes have occurred both in oxidant levels and in aerosol composition since preindustrial era.…”

Section: Aerosol Burdenmentioning

confidence: 94%

Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times

et al. 2006

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Abstract. To elucidate human induced changes of aerosol load and composition in the atmosphere, a coupled aerosol and gas-phase chemistry transport model of the troposphere and lower stratosphere has been used. The present 3-D modeling study focuses on aerosol chemical composition change since preindustrial times considering the secondary organic aerosol formation together with all other main aerosol components including nitrate. In particular, we evaluate non-seasalt sulfate (nss-SO = 4 ), ammonium (NH + 4 ), nitrate (NO − 3 ), black carbon (BC), sea-salt, dust, primary and secondary organics (POA and SOA) with a focus on the importance of secondary organic aerosols. Our calculations show that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) has increased by about 21% since preindustrial times. This enhancement of AOD is attributed to a rise in the atmospheric load of BC, nss-SO = 4 , NO − 3 , POA and SOA by factors of 3.3, 2.6, 2.7, 2.3 and 1.2, respectively, whereas we assumed that the natural dust and sea-salt sources remained constant. The nowadays increase in carbonaceous aerosol loading is dampened by a 34-42% faster conversion of hydrophobic to hydrophilic carbonaceous aerosol leading to higher removal rates. These changes between the various aerosol components resulted in significant modifications of the aerosol chemical composition. The relative importance of the various aerosol components is critical for the aerosol climatic effect, since atmospheric aerosols behave differently when their chemical composition changes. According to this study, the aerosol composition changed significantly over the different contiCorrespondence to: M. Kanakidou (mariak@chemistry.uoc.gr) nents and with height since preindustrial times. The presence of anthropogenically emitted primary particles in the atmosphere facilitates the condensation of the semi-volatile species that form SOA onto the aerosol phase, particularly in the boundary layer. The SOA burden that is dominated by the natural component has increased by 24% while its contribution to the AOD has increased by 11%. The increase in oxidant levels and preexisting aerosol mass since preindustrial times is the reason of the burden change, since emissions have not changed significantly. The computed aerosol composition changes translate into about 2.5 times more water associated with non sea-salt aerosol. Additionally, aerosols contain 2.7 times more inorganic components nowadays than during the preindustrial times. We find that the increase in emissions of inorganic aerosol precursors is much larger than the corresponding aerosol increase, reflecting a non-linear atmospheric response.

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“…It is not unexpected that alpine glacial meltwater contains NO 3 -, as glaciers accumulate a range of atmospherically delivered chemicals (12,33). NO 3 -is also among the first ions to elute from melting glacier ice (34).…”

Section: Low Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Melting Alpine Glaciers Enrich High-Elevation Lakes with Reactive Nitrogen

Saros

Rose

Clow

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

112

107

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See next page for additional authorsFollow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska -Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska -Lincoln. Alpine glaciers have receded substantially over the last century in many regions of the world. Resulting changes in glacial runoff not only affect the hydrological cycle, but can also alter the physical (i.e., turbidity from glacial flour) and biogeochemical properties of downstream ecosystems. Here we compare nutrient concentrations, transparency gradients, algal biomass, and fossil diatom species richness in two sets of high-elevation lakes: those fed by snowpack melt alone (SF lakes) and those fed by both glacial and snowpack meltwaters (GSF lakes). We found that nitrate (NO 3 -) concentrations in the GSF lakes were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than in SF lakes. Although nitrogen (N) limitation is common in alpine lakes, algal biomass was lower in highly N-enriched GSF lakes than in the N-poor SF lakes. Contrary to expectations, GSF lakes were more transparent than SF lakes to ultraviolet and equally transparent to photosynthetically active radiation. Sediment diatom assemblages had lower taxonomic richness in the GSF lakes, a feature that has persisted over the last century. Our results demonstrate that the presence of glaciers on alpine watersheds more strongly influences NO 3 -concentrations in high-elevation lake ecosystems than any other geomorphic or biogeographic characteristic. Melting Alpine Glaciers Enrich High-Elevation Lakes with Reactive Nitrogen

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Sulfate and Nitrate Concentrations from a South Greenland Ice Core

Cited by 199 publications

References 17 publications

The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Δ<sup>17</sup>O(SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>)

The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Δ<sup>17</sup>O(SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>)

Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times

Melting Alpine Glaciers Enrich High-Elevation Lakes with Reactive Nitrogen

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Sulfate and Nitrate Concentrations from a South Greenland Ice Core

Cited by 199 publications

References 17 publications

The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Δ&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;O(SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt;)

The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Δ&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;O(SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt;)

Change in global aerosol composition since preindustrial times

Melting Alpine Glaciers Enrich High-Elevation Lakes with Reactive Nitrogen

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The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Δ<sup>17</sup>O(SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>)

The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Δ<sup>17</sup>O(SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>)