Suitable extraction conditions for determination of total anti-oxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in Ruspolia differens Serville

Abstract

Recent research on edible insects’ composition has placed more emphasis on the quantity and quality of macro- and micro- nutrients and less emphasis on their bio-active components. This study aimed at assessing the effect of four factors, namely: defatting, solvent type (ethanol, methanol and acetone), solvent concentration (50, 75 and 100%) and extraction time (15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes) on the extraction efficiency, the total anti-oxidant activity and the amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids of Ruspolia differens. It was not known if the removal of fat (defatting) would influence the total anti-oxidant activity, and the distribution of anti-oxidant compounds in the R. differens matrix. Non-defatting use of acetone and sonication for 60 minutes are associated with high anti-oxidant activity and high amounts of bio-active compounds extracted. Aqueous acetone (50%) extracts had the highest average anti-oxidant activity (87.00±2.59% RSA) while 100% acetone extracts had the highest average total phenolics (11.14±0.18 GAE/g) and average total flavonoids (3.02±0.21 QE/g) content, indicating the presence of other, possibly highly polar, bio-active compounds in R. differens.

Characterization, Antioxidant Activities, and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Effect of Extract From the Edible Insect Polyrhachis vicina

“…Moreover, the TPC in the P. vicina extract was higher than that in the Allomyrina dichotoma larval (0.33 to 18.37 mg/g GAE) and Henicus whellani petroleum ether extracts (0.8 g GAE/100 g), which were prepared using a Soxhlet ( 16 , 17 ). The TFC in the P. vicina extract was higher than that reported in the extracts of various edible insects, such as Tenebrio molitor , Acheta domesticus , and Ruspolia differens Serville ( 18 , 19 ).…”

Edible Insects an Alternative Nutritional Source of Bioactive Compounds: A Review

“…Literature data report the use of larvae or adult insects instead; pupae are rarely used [ 99 , 100 ]). When necessary (i.e., for crickets, locusts, and grasshoppers), wings, legs, and antennae are removed, while in scorpions, the stingers are eliminated [ 15 ]. Several procedures provide freeze-drying of insects followed by grinding them into powder before processing [ 22 , 99 ].…”

“…In other cases, the defatting step is performed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with petroleum ether, and the residues are collected for the next extraction step in alcoholic (methanol, ethanol) or alcoholic/aqueous solutions at a fixed temperature and time [ 14 , 16 ]. Ssepuuya et al [ 15 ] report a study on the suitable conditions for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from Ruspolia differens and prove that the defatting step affects the amount of the antioxidant compounds. The antioxidants are predominately found in the apolar nonfat phase, and the highest concentration of antioxidant compounds is obtained after sonication for 60 min.…”

“…Due to their recognized pharmacological properties, scientific research has focused on the beneficial properties of insects for human health. Recent studies report that edible insects can provide bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids [ 7 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], acting as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibacterial inhibitors of the pancreatic lipase enzyme, insulin regulators, and glycaemic inhibitors [ 13 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Although beneficial effects are often due to the synergy of different components, several studies report the key role of polyphenolic content concerning specific bioactive activities.…”

HPLC profile of phenolic acids and flavonoids of Ocimum sanctum and O. basilicum

“…These compounds play an important role in health-promoting factors (Khatri et al, 2019;Scheublin et al, 2014). Scientific research suggests that these compounds have antioxidant properties that trap free radicals and reduce the risk of cancer, heart, and chronic diseases (Imram et al, 2014;Ssepuuya et al, 2021;Troise et al, 2014). These phenolic compounds have more than dozen of sub-classes but are mainly classified as simple and polyphenol (Matulja et al, 2022).…”