Suitability Study of Survey Equipment Used in the MODUM Project

Grabowski, Miłosz; Fioravanti, Stefano; Been, Robert; Cernich, Federico; Malejevas, Vitalijus

doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1153-9_2

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…(Image drawn using QGIS, with data from: The GEBCO_2014 Grid, version 20150318, Wessel and Smith, 2017). (Samuel and Herbert, 2007;Grabowski et al, 2018). Multibeam echo sounders provide higher geospatial accuracy and have been used to supplement sidescan data to produce exceptionally high resolution images of munition-containing shipwrecks (Saebø et al, 2015).…”

Section: Global Distribution and Local Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multibeam echo sounders provide higher geospatial accuracy and have been used to supplement sidescan data to produce exceptionally high resolution images of munition-containing shipwrecks (Saebø et al, 2015). Towed or remote/autonomously-operated vehiclemounted magnetometers can provide supporting information by identifying metal objects on and immediately below the seafloor (Asahina et al, 2009;Schultz et al, 2016;Grabowski et al, 2018). Sub-bottom profilers identify dense objects buried in the seafloor (Chabert, 2016;Grabowski et al, 2018), but are also non-specific for munitions and may provide false positives.…”

Section: Global Distribution and Local Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Towed or remote/autonomously-operated vehiclemounted magnetometers can provide supporting information by identifying metal objects on and immediately below the seafloor (Asahina et al, 2009;Schultz et al, 2016;Grabowski et al, 2018). Sub-bottom profilers identify dense objects buried in the seafloor (Chabert, 2016;Grabowski et al, 2018), but are also non-specific for munitions and may provide false positives. Multiple techniques applied in combination improve confidence in detection and identification (Missiaen and Feller, 2008).…”

Section: Global Distribution and Local Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters

et al. 2018

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Coastal marine environments are contaminated globally with a vast quantity of unexploded ordnance and munitions from intentional disposal. These munitions contain organic explosive compounds as well as a variety of metals, and represent point sources of chemical pollution to marine waters. Most underwater munitions originate from World Wars at the beginning of the twentieth century, and metal munitions housings have been impacted by extensive corrosion over the course of the following decades. As a result, the risk of munitions-related contaminant release to the water column is increasing. The behavior of munitions compounds is well-characterized in terrestrial systems and groundwater, but is only poorly understood in marine systems. Organic explosive compounds, primarily nitroaromatics and nitramines, can be degraded or transformed by a variety of biotic and abiotic mechanisms. These reaction products exhibit a range in biogeochemical characteristics such as sorption by particles and sediments, and variable environmental behavior as a result. The reaction products often exhibit increased toxicity to biological receptors and geochemical controls like sorption can limit this exposure. Environmental samples typically show low concentrations of munitions compounds in water and sediments (on the order of ng/L and µg/kg, respectively), and ecological risk appears generally low. Nonetheless, recent work demonstrates the possibility of sub-lethal genetic and metabolic effects. This review evaluates the state of knowledge on the occurrence, fate, and effect of munition-related chemical contaminants in the marine environment. There remain a number of knowledge gaps that limit our understanding of munitions-related contaminant spread and effect, and the need for additional work is made all the more urgent by increasing risk of release to the environment.

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Section: Global Distribution and Local Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%