Suidae and Tayassuidae (Wild Pigs, Peccaries)

Sutherland-Smith, Meg

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-7397-8.00058-x

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, previous reports suggested that the mean gestation period was 120 ± 5 days and it ranged between 110 and 130 days based on the behavioural observations [53][54][55]. Interestingly, the gestation periods in Suidae family ranges widely from 115 days in wild boar (Sus scrofa) to 170 days in common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) [56]. The present observation is within the range of suidae family's gestation period.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Non-Invasive Reproductive Hormone Monitoring in Endangered Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)

Kumar¹,

Buragohain²,

Deka³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The Pygmy hog (Porcula Salvania), till recently, classified as a critically endangered suid, is facing the threat of extinction globally due to habitat degradation. Efforts are being made to protect the pygmy hogs from extinction and breed them in captivity under Pygmy Hog Conservation Pro-gramme (PHCP). However, very little information is available on the reproductive physiology of pygmy hogs. Therefore, the present study aimed to standardize enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for monitoring pregnancy and reproductive status using progesterone and testosterone metabolites. A total of 785 faecal samples were collected from five females and two males over a period of one year from PHCP Research and Breeding Centre, Guwahati, Assam. High-pressure liquid chro-matography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of immunoreactive progesterone and testos-terone metabolites in faeces. Mating was observed in all the five females and four of them gave birth successfully. We were able to detect pregnancy using faecal progesterone metabolites. Based on mating and parturition, the mean gestation period was estimated to be 153.25 days from four females. The breeding centre recorded 172 births between 1996 and 2000 and found strong sea-sonality in births and most of the births were between May and June. Faecal testosterone metabo-lites were significantly higher in the breeding season than the non-breeding season. This is the first study and will help in future breeding programs in other captive breeding centres and reproduc-tive monitoring of reintroduced populations.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Non-Invasive Reproductive Hormone Monitoring in Endangered Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)

Kumar¹,

Buragohain²,

Deka³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, previous reports suggested that the mean gestation period was 120 ± 5 days, and it ranged between 110 and 130 days based on the behavioral observations [ 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Interestingly, the gestation periods in the Suidae family ranges widely from 115 days in wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) to 170 days in the common warthog ( Phacochoerus africanus ) [ 56 ]. The present observation is within the range of the Suidae family’s gestation period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive Reproductive Hormone Monitoring in the Endangered Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)

Kumar

Buragohain

Deka

et al. 2021

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The pygmy hog (Porcula salvania), until recently was classified as a critically endangered suid facing the threat of extinction due to habitat degradation. Efforts are being made to protect the pygmy hog from extinction and breed them in captivity under the Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme (PHCP). However, very little information is available on the reproductive physiology of pygmy hogs. Therefore, the present study aims to standardize enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for monitoring pregnancy and reproductive status using progesterone and testosterone metabolites. A total of 785 fecal samples were collected from five females and two males over a period of one year from the PHCP Research and Breeding Centre, Guwahati, Assam. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of immunoreactive progesterone and testosterone metabolites in feces. Mating was observed in all five females, and four of them gave birth successfully. We were able to detect pregnancy using fecal progesterone metabolites. The mean gestation period, based on mating and parturition, was estimated to be 153.25 days from the four females studied. The breeding center recorded 172 births between 1996 and 2000 and found strong seasonal patterns in the birth rate, with most of the births occurring between May and June. In the males, fecal testosterone metabolites were significantly higher in the breeding season than in the non-breeding season. This is the first study on the subject and will help with future breeding programs in other captive breeding centers and with reproductive monitoring of reintroduced populations.

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“…Rough recoveries are also a common cause of trauma and hyperthermia in immobilized suids (3, 8). Use of specific reversals for selected immobilizing drugs have been shown in previous studies to improve recovery in suids (10, 11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are limited reports of etorphine immobilization of warthogs and even less information on physiological responses in this species (2, 5–7). Due to the potential for severe respiratory depression and cardiac arrest, publications that are more recent recommend avoiding its use or completely fail to mention potent opioids as an option for any suid anesthesia (1, 3, 8). This total avoidance of etorphine is not warranted in our experience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters and Effectiveness of an Immobilization Protocol Using Etorphine, Azaperone, and Butorphanol in Free-Ranging Warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus)

et al. 2019

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Twenty free-ranging warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, were immobilized with a combination of etorphine (0.039 ± 0.005 mg/kg) and azaperone (0.44 ± 0.06 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly by dart. Butorphanol (1 mg per mg etorphine) was administered intravenously at t = 5 min. A standardized scoring system was used to record induction, immobilization and recovery characteristics. Physiological parameters were recorded at 5 min intervals and an arterial sample collected for blood gas analyses every 15 min. At 45 min after butorphanol administration, immobilization was partially reversed by administering naltrexone (40x etorphine dose in mg) intravenously. Overall, induction quality was good, with the mean time to safe handling 5.9 ± 1.4 min. The majority of immobilization scores (54%) over the entire monitoring period (40 min) were at level 3, consistent with a light plane in which palpebral and laryngeal reflexes were still present but the animal could be safely handled. Overall mean heart rate was 94.7 ± 15.3 beats per min, mean respiratory rate was 14.7 ± 9.8 breaths per min, and the mean rectal temperature was 38.5 ± 1.0°C. Significant hypoxia (overall mean oxygen arterial partial pressure 38.8 ± 8.4 mmHg), hypercapnia (mean carbon dioxide arterial partial pressure 63.3 ± 7.8 mmHg), and acidosis (mean pH 7.28 ± 0.04) were observed in immobilized warthogs. Following antagonist administration, warthogs were standing within 1.0 ± 0.4 min, with the majority of recoveries scored as excellent. The drug combination proved to be effective in the immobilization of free-ranging warthogs with rapid induction and recovery, but with significant cardio-respiratory changes. Therefore, this drug combination may be useful when rapid immobilization and recovery are indicated, but should be used cautiously in compromised warthogs.

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Suidae and Tayassuidae (Wild Pigs, Peccaries)

Cited by 17 publications

References 24 publications

Non-Invasive Reproductive Hormone Monitoring in Endangered Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)

Non-Invasive Reproductive Hormone Monitoring in Endangered Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)

Non-Invasive Reproductive Hormone Monitoring in the Endangered Pygmy Hog (Porcula salvania)

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters and Effectiveness of an Immobilization Protocol Using Etorphine, Azaperone, and Butorphanol in Free-Ranging Warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus)

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