Suicide committed by a paramedic using a cocktail of drugs: Morphine, etomidate, diazepam and rocuronium. Case report and review of literature

Smędra, Anna; Wochna, Katarzyna; Kaźmierski, Dawid; Berent, Jarosław

doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101915

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Compared with thiopental sodium, the anesthesia intensity is higher, and the effect on respiratory and circulatory system is smaller. Intravenous anesthesia can increase coronary blood flow by 19% and reduce resistance by 19% [5]. In addition, it has little impact on the respiratory and circulatory system, with transient respiratory depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Stress Response and Analgesic Effect of Remazolam Combined with Etomidate in Painless Gastroenteroscopy

Liu

Ying

2022

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

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In order to explore more ideal intravenous anesthesia drug in clinical practice, the analgesic effect of remazolam combined with etomidate in painless gastroenteroscopy and its effect on stress response is investigated. A total of 100 patients are selected for the gastric disease screening, and they are randomly divided into the single-drug group and composite group, with 50 cases in each group. Etomidate, mazzolone, and etomidate are used to anesthetize the patients, and then, the effects of different solutions on analgesia, sedation, and stress response are compared and analyzed, and the adverse reactions are improved. The etomidate and red horse azole shimron composite etomidate anesthesia were applied, and the comparative analysis of different solutions of analgesic, sedative effect, and response to stress is conducted. Then, the improvement of adverse reactions is analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate that remazolam combined with etomidate anesthesia can reduce the level of pain mediators and enhance the analgesia and sedation effect. Meanwhile, combined anesthesia can reduce the stress response and adverse reactions of patients and shorten the examination period effectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Stress Response and Analgesic Effect of Remazolam Combined with Etomidate in Painless Gastroenteroscopy

Liu

Ying

2022

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

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“…Intravenous anesthetics, except etomidate, are designated as psychotropic drugs because of their drug dependence risk and abuse [2]. Furthermore, in February 2018, a suicide case was noted in Poland that involved etomidate usage in addition to three other drugs [3]. Therefore, it is essential to establish an analytical method for etomidate monitoring in the forensic field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of etomidate and etomidate acid in hair using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Park

Cho

Kim

et al. 2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Etomidate, with efficacy similar to that of propofol, has been used as a propofol substitute because propofol is a designated narcotic drug, and an increase in the frequency of illegal distribution and misuse has been reported in Korea. Previous analytical studies on etomidate used blood and urine. For long‐term use and timing estimation, a method for etomidate analysis using hair should be developed. Therefore, in this study, an analytical method using LC–MS/MS was developed to determine etomidate and its major metabolite in hair. Human hair samples were segmented after washing to eliminate possible contaminants on the hair and stirred with methanol. The LC–MS/MS conditions were optimized, and the chromatographic separation time was 10 min. Selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, recovery, process efficiency, matrix effect, and stability were evaluated to validate the analytical method. The calibration curves ranged from 0.25 to 50 pg/mg for etomidate and 2–250 pg/mg for etomidate acid; the coefficients of determination were higher than 0.997. The intra‐ and inter‐assay precision results for all the compounds were <15% and satisfied at recovery, process efficiency, matrix effect, and stability. In addition, this method was applied to the hair of 4 rats which are administered with etomidate to evaluate. The etomidate concentrations in the rat hair ranged from 2.60 to 8.50 pg/mg, and the etomidate acid concentrations were 2.06–7.13 pg/mg. Thus, this method can be used as basic data for monitoring etomidate in hair.

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A case of fatal poisoning caused by etomidate: evidence from pathological and toxicological analyses

Chen,

Liu,

Song

et al. 2024

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

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Suicide committed by a paramedic using a cocktail of drugs: Morphine, etomidate, diazepam and rocuronium. Case report and review of literature

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Analysis of Stress Response and Analgesic Effect of Remazolam Combined with Etomidate in Painless Gastroenteroscopy

Analysis of Stress Response and Analgesic Effect of Remazolam Combined with Etomidate in Painless Gastroenteroscopy

Determination of etomidate and etomidate acid in hair using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A case of fatal poisoning caused by etomidate: evidence from pathological and toxicological analyses

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