Suicide attempt with a mix of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones: Case report of non-fatal intoxication with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, alpha-PHP, alpha-PVP and 4-CMC

Klavž, Janez; Gorenjak, Maksimiljan; Marinšek, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.018

Cited by 50 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…As illustrated by these data, the compounds present in synthetic cannabinoid products change rapidly in an effort to evade updating of drug schedules, and to create market advantage for the suppliers. Legislation regarding the scheduling of the drugs has been slow to keep up and the legal status of these drugs is often ambiguous due to variable interpretation of drug analogue laws in the USA . We evaluated a variety of data sources besides the NFLIS data already discussed including publications from Europe and Asia where many of these drugs first appeared; scientific and medical literature including peer‐reviewed publications and conference abstracts describing case reports from emergency room, post‐mortem, and impaired driving cases; catalogues of the reference materials manufacturers and suppliers; chatter in drug user chat rooms and online forums; and data from analysis of synthetic cannabinoid products submitted to our laboratory, to determine an appropriate and comprehensive scope designed to detect the most prevalent and emerging synthetic cannabinoid compounds …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and sensitive screening and confirmation of thirty‐four aminocarbonyl/carboxamide (NACA) and arylindole synthetic cannabinoid drugs in human whole blood

Tynon

Homan

Kacinko

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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We describe the development and validation of a method for the screening and confirmation of a range of chemically diverse synthetic cannabinoid drugs in human whole blood. The method targets the better known arylindole compounds as well as the emerging aminocarbonyl/ carboxamide (NACA) compounds. The approach consists of two separate extraction procedures designed to optimize recovery of each of these two classes, followed by analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The most significant novel compounds added were AB-FUBINACA, ADBICA, 5 F-ADBICA, ADB-PINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, 5 F-ADB-PINACA, 5 F-ADB-PINACA, AB-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, and ADB-CHMINACA. A third procedure is described for the quantitative confirmation of those compounds for which deuterated internal standards permitted quantitative analysis, including JWH-018, JWH-122, JWH-081, JWH-210, AM-2201, XLR-11, and UR-144. The methods were successfully validated according to Scientific Working Group in Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) protocol for 34 compounds in common use in the United States in the period of 2014 and 2015, although other substances, unknown at the time may have been introduced to the market over the same time period. The method was determined to be free from carry-over between samples, and no interference was found from other common therapeutic abused or novel psychoactive drugs. The methods were applied to the analysis of 1142 blood samples from forensic investigations, including post-mortem examinations and driving impairment cases. The drugs most frequently detected were AB-CHMINACA (18.6%), ADB-CHMINACA (15%), XLR-11 (5.5%), AB-FUBINACA (4.5%), AB-PINACA (3.9%), and ADB-FUBINACA (2.3%). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and sensitive screening and confirmation of thirty‐four aminocarbonyl/carboxamide (NACA) and arylindole synthetic cannabinoid drugs in human whole blood

Tynon

Homan

Kacinko

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…α-PVT is a structurally novel cathinone derivative as it has a thiophene ring substituted for the phenyl ring. These compounds add to the many public health risks posed by novel psychoactive substances, as impaired driving, suicide attempts, and overdose deaths have been reported in users of compounds such as ethylone, α-PPP, and α-PHP (Know et al, 2014; Sellors et al, 2014; McIntyre et al, 2015; Klavž et al, 2016). …”

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confidence: 99%

Locomotor activity and discriminative stimulus effects of a novel series of synthetic cathinone analogs in mice and rats

2017

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Rationale Recent years have seen an increase in the recreational use of novel, synthetic psychoactive substances. There are little or no data on the abuse liability of many of the newer compounds. Objectives The current study investigated the discriminative stimulus and locomotor effects of a series of synthetic analogues of cathinone: alpha-PPP, alpha-PHP, alpha-PVT, 3,4-methylenedioxy-PBP (MDPBP), and ethylone. Methods Locomotor activity was assessed in an open-field assay using Swiss-Webster mice. Discriminative stimulus effects were assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate either cocaine or methamphetamine from vehicle. Results Each of the compounds produced an inverted-U dose-effect on locomotor activity. Maximal effects were similar among the test compounds, but potencies varied with relative potencies of MDPBP>α-PPP=α-PHP>ethylone>α-PVT. Each of the test compounds substituted fully for the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine. α-PPP, α-PHP, and ethylone fully substituted for cocaine. α-PVT produced a maximum of 50% cocaine-appropriate responding and MDPBP produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect curve with maximum effects of 67%. Conclusions These data provide initial evidence that these structurally-similar, emerging novel psychoactive substances demonstrate potential for abuse and may be utilized for their stimulant-like effects, given their ability to stimulate locomotor activity and their substitution for the discriminative stimulus effects of the classical psychostimulants cocaine and/or methamphetamine.

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“…Three cathinones (i.e., 4‐MeO‐PV8, PV9, and 4‐MeO‐PV9) and diphenidine were contained in the products and were directly implicated in the cause of deaths, under the influence of three coingested benzodiazepines and alcohol (Kudo et al, ). Another case reported by Klavž, Gorenjak, and Marinšek () where a patient attempted suicide following the sequential ingestion of a number of synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones, namely, AB‐CHMINACA, AB‐FUBINACA, α‐PHP, α‐PVP, and 4‐CMC in addition to his regular prescription medicines.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intended and unintended use of cathinone mixtures

Guirguis

Corkery

Stair

et al. 2017

Human Psychopharmacology

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Introduction Cathinones are one of the most popular categories of new psychoactive substances (NPS) consumed. Cathinones have different pharmacological activities and receptor selectivity for monoamine transporters based on their chemical structures. They are incorporated into NPS mixtures and used with other NPS or ‘traditional’ drugs. Cathinone use represents significant health risks to individuals and is a public health burden. Methods Evidence of poly‐NPS use with cathinones, seizure information, and literature analyses results on NPS mixtures was systematically gathered from online database sources, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Bluelight, and Drugs‐Forum. Results and discussion Results highlight the prevalence of NPS with low purity, incorporation of cathinones into NPS mixtures since 2008, and multiple members of the cathinone family being present in individual UK‐seized samples. Cathinones were identified as adulterants in NPS marketed as being pure NPS, drugs of abuse, branded products, herbal blends, and products labelled “not for human consumption.” Toxicity resulting from cathinone mixtures is unpredictable because key attributes remain largely unknown. Symptoms of intoxication include neuro‐psychological, psychiatric, and metabolic symptoms. Proposed treatment includes holistic approaches involving psychosocial, psychiatric and pharmacological interventions. Conclusion Raising awareness of NPS, education, and training of health care professionals are paramount in reducing harms related to cathinone use.

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Suicide attempt with a mix of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones: Case report of non-fatal intoxication with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, alpha-PHP, alpha-PVP and 4-CMC

Cited by 50 publications

References 14 publications

Rapid and sensitive screening and confirmation of thirty‐four aminocarbonyl/carboxamide (NACA) and arylindole synthetic cannabinoid drugs in human whole blood

Rapid and sensitive screening and confirmation of thirty‐four aminocarbonyl/carboxamide (NACA) and arylindole synthetic cannabinoid drugs in human whole blood

Locomotor activity and discriminative stimulus effects of a novel series of synthetic cathinone analogs in mice and rats

Intended and unintended use of cathinone mixtures

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