Suicidal ideation during COVID-19: The contribution of unique and cumulative stressors

Long-COVID and comorbid depression and anxiety two years into the COVID-19 pandemic

“…The pandemic's effects on the economy, employment, housing and food insecurity, and academic trajectories, has caused greater disruptions for those with less access to wealth and educational attainment ( Ando & Furuichi, 2021 ; Borio, 2020 ; Fairlie et al, 2020 ; Rudenstine et al, 2021 ; Sherbuk et al, 2020 ). Relatedly, the observation that COVID-19 related stressors are correlates of psychopathology throughout the ongoing pandemic is consistent with published work ( Abdalla et al, 2021 ; Rudenstine et al, 2020 , 2021 ; Rudenstine, Schulder, Ettman, et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Fifteen stressors were used to assess for COVID-19 related stress: seeing friends in person less, seeing family in person less, death of someone close to you due to COVID-19, family or relationship problems, feeling alone, not being able to get food due to shortages, not being able to get supplies due to shortages, losing a job, a member of your household losing a job, having financial problems, having difficulty paying rent, being forced to leave campus, working remotely (away from the office), challenges finding childcare, and event cancellations. These stressors have been used in previous research examining the psychological impact of stress exposure during the pandemic ( Abdalla et al, 2021 ; Ettman, Abdalla, et al, 2020 ; Ettman et al, 2021 ; Rudenstine et al, 2020 , 2021 ; Rudenstine, Schulder, Ettman, et al, 2022 ). A question read, "Have any of the following affected your life as a result of the coronavirus or COVID-19 outbreak?” and participants were prompted to check all stressors that applied.…”

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread psychological harm to numerous populations ( Abdalla et al, 2021 ; Breslau et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Daly & Robinson, 2021 ; Ettman, Abdalla, et al, 2020 ; Ettman, Gradus, et al, 2020 ; Rudenstine et al, 2020 ; Rudenstine, Schulder, Bhatt, et al, 2022 ). The social isolation, interpersonal conflicts, and many economic and health-related stressors, brought on by COVID-19 and which became chronic for many, have contributed to significant increases in psychological distress ( Abdalla et al, 2021 ; Daly & Robinson, 2021 ; Ettman et al, 2021 ; Ettman, Gradus, et al, 2020 ; Fruehwirth et al, 2021 ; Lakhan et al, 2020 ; Loades et al, 2020 ; Magson et al, 2021 ; Pancani et al, 2021 ).…”

“…To date, increases in distress documented during COVID-19 have been understood in relation to stressors ( Ettman et al, 2021 ; Fruehwirth et al, 2021 ; Gibson et al, 2021, 2021 ; Mattos dos Santos, 2020 ; Nagata et al, 2022 ; Rudenstine et al, 2020 , 2021 ; Rudenstine, Schulder, Ettman, et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ). In particular studies have shown a differential psychological impact on those with fewer economic resources as well as for populations of color in general ( Mattos dos Santos, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ).…”

Two Years of COVID-19 in Austria—Exploratory Longitudinal Study of Mental Health Outcomes and Coping Behaviors in the General Population

“…For instance, daily COVID-19 infection rates and decreased human mobility have been associated with significant increases in the prevalence of anxiety and depression [10]. A positive link has also been found between mental health problems and cumulative stress, resulting from co-occurring pandemic-related stressors [11]. On the other hand, becoming accustomed to the "COVID-19 way of life" might lead to an improvement in mental health as pandemic progresses.…”