Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and long-term mortality in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a longitudinal analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database

Abstract

Background Consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to the development of various adverse health conditions, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). This study evaluated associations between SSB intake and long-term mortality among individuals with MASLD using a nationally representative database. Methods This population-based, longitudinal study extracted data of adults aged 20–79 years with MASLD from the USA (US) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database 2003–2014. Associations between the amount of SSB intake and all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality until the end of 2019 were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Results A total of 12 965 individuals aged 20–79 years who had MASLD were identified in the database. After exclusion, 5630 participants remained for the analyses. This cohort can be extrapolated to 43 420 321 individuals in the entire US after proper weighting. The mean age of the study cohort was 44.1 years. After adjusting for confounders, no significant association was observed between SSB intake (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1) and all-cause [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60–1.76) or cancer mortality (aHR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.15–1.16). However, higher SSB intake (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1) was significantly associated with elevated cardiovascular disease mortality risk (aHR = 2.83; 95% CI, 1.01–7.91). Conclusion In US adults with MASLD, high SSB intake is associated with nearly three-fold increased cardiovascular disease mortality risk. The findings underscore the critical need for concerted action on the part of healthcare providers and policymakers.