Sugar Substitutes: Mechanism, Availability, Current Use and Safety Concerns-An Update

Gupta, Megha

doi:10.3889/oamjms.2018.336

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Their usage occurs commonly in soft drinks labeled as "light" or "diet," typically containing artificial sweeteners with varying mouth feel. The United States, through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, recognizes six intensely-sweet sugar, which they indicated safe for use (Gupta, 2018). Such include acesulfame potassium, Aspartame, stevia saccharin, Sucralose, and Neotame.…”

Section: Figure 1: Classification Of Sweetenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Sweeteners: Efficacy, safety, and physiological effects in humans: Review

Al-Ali

Al-Hilifi

2021

المجلة العربیة للعلوم الزراعیة

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With the increased demand for better health among many individual, the turning to sweeteners has been rampant as most of them contain low calories. As such, many companies have turned to the production and purchase of artificial sweeteners due to their less usage, lowering the production cost, while also improving users' calories level of consumption. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognize various artificial sweeteners including acesulfame-K, aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose, among others, where it also defines the acceptable daily intake value (ADI). However, despite the immense use and benefits, there are many concerns, particularly the health concerns over increased use of artificial sweeteners, where some people perceive that they promote cancer, gastrointestinal issues, and brain damage, among other issues. Hence, this review discussed artificial sweeteners, types, and their metabolic and health effects, and their usage.

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Section: Figure 1: Classification Of Sweetenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Sweeteners: Efficacy, safety, and physiological effects in humans: Review

Al-Ali

Al-Hilifi

2021

المجلة العربیة للعلوم الزراعیة

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“…Sugar alcohols (also referred to as polyols) are characterized by a lower calorie content (2 to 4 kcal/g) ( 44 ) than sucrose ( Table 1 ) ( 45 ). Low amounts of polyols are naturally present in vegetables, mushrooms and fruits (melon, peach, apple, pear, apricot), but also in oat ( 50 , 51 ). They include hydrogenated mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides ( 45 ) and are mainly used in “sugar-free” products, sweets, and chewing gums ( 52 ).…”

Section: Low-calorie Sweeteners (Polyols or Sugar Alcohols)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie and Non-Calorie Sweeteners

et al. 2020

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Since excessive sugar consumption has been related to the development of chronic metabolic diseases prevalent in the western world, the use of sweeteners has gradually increased worldwide over the last few years. Although low-and non-calorie sweeteners may represent a valuable tool to reduce calorie intake and prevent weight gain, studies investigating the safety and efficacy of these compounds in the short-and long-term period are scarce and controversial. Therefore, future studies will need to elucidate the potential beneficial and/or detrimental effects of different types of sweeteners on metabolic health (energy balance, appetite, body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the impact of different sweeteners on central nervous system, gut hormones and gut microbiota is important, given the strong implications that changes in such systems may have for human health. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current evidence for the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sweeteners, as well as their impact on gut microbiota. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of the use of sweeteners in the context of very-low calorie ketogenic diets.

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“…One factor is that dietary sucrose metabolized into lactic acid by Streptococcus mutans may exceed the neutralizing capacity of salivary bicarbonate, lowering plaque pH, which in turn drops [PO 4 3– ] and [OH – ] below levels needed to sustain mineralization and remineralization. [ 26 27 ]…”

Section: P Recipitation Of I Onic mentioning

confidence: 99%

How fluoride protects dental enamel from demineralization

Simmer

Hardy

Chinoy

et al. 2020

J Int Soc Prevent Communit Dent

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A BSTRACT Introduction: How fluoride (F – ) protects dental enamel from caries is here conveyed to dental health-care providers by making simplifying approximations that accurately convey the essential principles, without obscuring them in a myriad of qualifications. Materials and Methods: We approximate that dental enamel is composed of calcium hydroxyapatite (HAP), a sparingly soluble ionic solid with the chemical formula Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 . Results: The electrostatic forces binding ionic solids together are described by Coulomb’s law, which shows that attractions between opposite charges increase greatly as their separation decreases. Relatively large phosphate ions (PO 4 3– ) dominate the structure of HAP, which approximates a hexagonal close-packed structure. The smaller Ca 2+ and OH – ions fit into the small spaces (interstices) between phosphates, slightly expanding the close-packed structure. F – ions are smaller than OH – ions, so substituting F – for OH – allows packing the same number of ions into a smaller volume, increasing their forces of attraction. Dental decay results from tipping the solubility equilibrium Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 (s) ⇔ 10Ca 2+ (aq) + 6PO 4 2– (aq) + 2OH – (aq) toward dissolution. HAP dissolves when the product of its ion concentrations, [Ca 2+ ] 10 ×[PO 4 3– ] 6 ×[OH – ] 2 , falls below the solubility product constant (Ksp) for HAP. Conclusion: Because of its more compact crystal structure, the Ksp for fluorapatite (FAP) is lower than the Ksp for HAP, so its ion product, [Ca 2+ ] 10 ×[PO 4 3– ] 6 ×[F – ] 2 , must fall further before demineralization can occur. Lowering the pH of the fluid surrounding enamel greatly reduces [PO 4 3– ] (lowering the ion products of HAP and FAP equally), but [OH – ] falls much more rapidly than [F – ], so FAP better resists acid attack.

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Sugar Substitutes: Mechanism, Availability, Current Use and Safety Concerns-An Update

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Artificial Sweeteners: Efficacy, safety, and physiological effects in humans: Review

Artificial Sweeteners: Efficacy, safety, and physiological effects in humans: Review

Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie and Non-Calorie Sweeteners

How fluoride protects dental enamel from demineralization

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