Sugar specificities of anti-human ABO(H) blood group erythrocyte agglutinins (lectins) and haemolytic activity in the haemolymph and gut extracts of three Glossina species

Ingram, George A.; Molyneux, David

doi:10.1016/0020-1790(88)90091-1

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…, 1989; 1994), agglutinins (Ibrahim et al. , 1984) and lectin‐like activities (Ingram and Molyneux, 1988; 1990) have been suggested for refractoriness. In addition, innate immune response products have been implicated to contribute to refractoriness (Hao et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The greatest attrition in parasite survival appears to occur within the midgut early in the infection process around day 3 (Gibson and Bailey, 2003). Various immune factors including midgut lectin(s) (Welburn et al, 1989;1994), agglutinins (Ibrahim et al, 1984) and lectin-like activities (Ingram and Molyneux, 1988;1990) have been suggested for refractoriness. In addition, innate immune response products have been implicated to contribute to refractoriness (Hao et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans

Aksoy²

2006

Molecular Microbiology

118

107

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SummaryTsetse flies transmit the protozoan parasite African trypanosomes, the agents of human sleeping sickness in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasite transmission in the insect is restricted by a natural resistance phenomenon (refractoriness). Understanding the mechanism of parasite resistance is important as strengthening fly's response(s) via transgenic approaches can prevent parasite transmission and lead to the development of novel vector control strategies. Here, we investigated the role of one of the two major pathways regulating innate immunity in invertebrates, the immunodeficiency (Imd) pathway, for Glossina morsitans morsitans 's natural defence against Trypanosoma brucei spp. infections. We determined the molecular structure of the Imd pathway transcriptional activator Relish (GmmRel), which shows high amino acid identity and structural similarity to its Drosophila homologue. Through a doublestranded RNA-based interference approach, we showed that the pathogen-induced expression profile of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) attacin and cecropin is under the regulation of GmmRel. Unexpectedly, the AMP diptericin appears to be constitutively expressed in tsetse independent of the presence of the Rel factor. Through GmmRel knockdown, we could successfully block the induction of attacin and cecropin expression in the immune responsive tissues fat body and proventriculus (cardia) following microbial challenge. The midgut and salivary gland trypanosome infection prevalence, as well as the intensity of midgut parasite infections were found to be significantly higher in flies when attacin and relish expression were knocked down. Our results provide the first direct evidence for the involvement of antimicrobial peptides in trypanosome transmission in tsetse.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans

Aksoy²

2006

Molecular Microbiology

118

107

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“…These authors suggets that the difference in lectin activity between males and females is typical only for haematophagous Nematocera, presumably because only the females of these Diptera take blood meals. This presumption is supported by findings in Glossinae, in which both sexes take blood and where there are no significant differences between lectin activities of males and females (Ingram & Molyneux, 1988, 1991). However, our results in other species from Nematocera does not confirm the theory of Volf & Killick‐Kendrick (1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

The haemagglutination activity in the different developmental stages and changes of this activity caused by analogues of insect hormones in two members of the Culex pipiens complex of mosquitoes

Gelbič

Olejníček

2004

Physiological Entomology

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Abstract. Haemagglutination activity was studied in last larval instars, pupae and adults of both sexes of the Culex pipiens mosquito complex. In females of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say, an anautogenous member of C. pipiens complex, activity was detected in the homogenate of the head‐thorax complex, gut and remaining abdomen (after removing the gut), before and after sucking water, glucose solution or blood. Similar investigations were made in females of autogenous Culex pipiens molestus Forskal, a member of the same mosquito complex. The results were compared with data obtained for males of these subspecies, plus the larvae and pupae. The results show that haemagglutination activity in adult females depends not on the sucking of blood, but on the age of the females. In newly emerged females, the level of activity was very low, but after 24 h or 48 h of activity was highly enhanced, even in females that had no possibility to suck water or other liquids including blood. Furthermore, in C. p. molestus, the haemagglutination activity does not change in hungry or engorged females, and a high level of activity was found in the gut of last larval instars, a developmental stage that never takes blood. Treatment with methoprene reduces haemagglutination activity in both sexes, but 20‐hydroxycdysone application decreased activity in the gut of females. It is suggested that haemagglutination activity may be regulated indirectly by the endocrine system. The possibility that haemagglutination activity may depend on some aspect of the digestive system that has no direct connection to blood uptake is discussed. In addition, the activity may be important not only for the elimination of infections, but also for the processing of food and the utilization and transport of nutrients.

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“…Although the molecular mechanisms conferring this low transmission rate are unknown, tsetse immune responses apparently play a significant part (Hao et al ., 2001). Putative immune components mediating this refractoriness may include midgut lectin(s) capable of killing trypanosomes in vitro (Welburn et al ., 1989, 1994), haemolymph‐associated AMPs (Kaaya et al ., 1987a,b), agglutinins (Ibrahim et al ., 1984) and lectin‐like activities (Ingram and Molyneux, 1988, 1990). Tsetse, systemically immune‐stimulated via microinjection of bacteria, develop ∼80% fewer trypanosome midgut infections than controls, implicating tsetse's fat body elicited immune constituents in refractoriness (Hao et al ., 2001).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of fat body transcriptome from the adult tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans

Attardo

Strickler-Dinglasan

Perkin

et al. 2006

Insect Molecular Biology

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Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidia) are vectors of pathogenic African trypanosomes. To develop a foundation for tsetse physiology, a normalized expressed sequence tag (EST) library was constructed from fat body tissue of immune-stimulated Glossina morsitans morsitans. Analysis of 20,257 high-quality ESTs yielded 6372 unique genes comprised of 3059 tentative consensus (TC) sequences and 3313 singletons (available at http://aksoylab.yale.edu). We analysed the putative fat body transcriptome based on homology to other gene products with known functions available in the public domain. In particular, we describe the immune-related products, reproductive function related yolk proteins and milk-gland protein, iron metabolism regulating ferritins and transferrin, and tsetse's major energy source proline biosynthesis. Expression analysis of the three yolk proteins indicates that all are detected in females, while only the yolk protein with similarity to lipases, is expressed in males. Milk gland protein, apparently important for larval nutrition, however, is primarily synthesized by accessory milk gland tissue.

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Sugar specificities of anti-human ABO(H) blood group erythrocyte agglutinins (lectins) and haemolytic activity in the haemolymph and gut extracts of three Glossina species

Cited by 30 publications

References 23 publications

Innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans

Innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans

The haemagglutination activity in the different developmental stages and changes of this activity caused by analogues of insect hormones in two members of the Culex pipiens complex of mosquitoes

Analysis of fat body transcriptome from the adult tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans

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