Sugar Addiction: From Evolution to Revolution

Wiss, David A.; Avena, Nicole M.; Rada, Pedro

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00545

Cited by 83 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 287 publications

(308 reference statements)

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“…Our clinical experience suggests that failure to recognize/treat trauma/PTSD is a major contributor to poor outcomes. We have suggested that the proper interpretation of an FA diagnosis may improve treatment for those who would benefit from a different nutritional approach, such as excluding problematic foods like added refined sugars [ 234 ]. Evidence supports the validity of FA as a diagnostic construct, particularly as it relates to foods high in added sweeteners and refined ingredients [ 235 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Wiss

Brewerton

2020

Nutrients

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Converging evidence from both animal and human studies have implicated hedonic eating as a driver of both binge eating and obesity. The construct of food addiction has been used to capture pathological eating across clinical and non-clinical populations. There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of a food addiction “diagnosis” among those with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa binge/purge-type, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Much of the food addiction research in eating disorder populations has failed to account for dietary restraint, which can increase addiction-like eating behaviors and may even lead to false positives. Some have argued that the concept of food addiction does more harm than good by encouraging restrictive approaches to eating. Others have shown that a better understanding of the food addiction model can reduce stigma associated with obesity. What is lacking in the literature is a description of a more comprehensive approach to the assessment of food addiction. This should include consideration of dietary restraint, and the presence of symptoms of other psychiatric disorders (substance use, posttraumatic stress, depressive, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity) to guide treatments including nutrition interventions. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians identify the symptoms of food addiction (true positives, or “the signal”) from the more classic eating pathology (true negatives, or “restraint”) that can potentially elevate food addiction scores (false positives, or “the noise”). Three clinical vignettes are presented, designed to aid with the assessment process, case conceptualization, and treatment strategies. The review summarizes logical steps that clinicians can take to contextualize elevated food addiction scores, even when the use of validated research instruments is not practical.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Wiss

Brewerton

2020

Nutrients

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“…Drug abuse and binge eating disorders share imbalances in brain systems that regulate motivation, reward saliency, decision-making, and self-control (Volkow et al, 2017;Wiss et al, 2018). Together with mesolimbic dopamine, the endogenous opioid system has been shown to play an important role in regulating food and drug reward (Volkow et al, 2013(Volkow et al, , 2017Berridge and Kringelbach, 2015).…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of naltrexone on alcohol, sucrose, and saccharin binge-like drinking in C57BL/6J mice: a study with a multiple bottle choice procedure

Morales

Rodríguez-Borillo

Font

et al. 2020

Behavioural Pharmacology

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Chronic alcohol (EtOH) binging has been associated with long-term neural adaptations that lead to the development of addiction. Many of the neurobiological features of EtOH abuse are shared with other forms of binging, like pathological feeding. The drinkingin-the-dark paradigm (DID) has been used extensively to study the neurobiology of EtOH binge-like drinking due to its ability to promote high intakes relevant to human behavior. DID can also generate high consumption of other tastants, but this procedure has not been fully adapted to study forms of binging behavior that are not alcohol-driven. In the present study we used a modified version of DID that uses multiple bottle availability to promote even higher levels of EtOH drinking in male C57BL/6J mice and allows a thorough investigation of tastant preferences. We assessed whether administration of systemic naltrexone (NTX) could reduce binging on EtOH, sucrose, and saccharin separately as well as in combination. Our multiple bottle DID procedure resulted in heightened levels of consumption compared to previously reported data using this task. We found that administration of the opioid receptor antagonist NTX reduced intakes of preferred, highly concentrated EtOH, sucrose, and saccharin. We also report that NTX was able to reduce overall intakes when animals were allowed to self-administer EtOH, sucrose, or saccharin in combination. Our modified DID procedure provides a novel approach to study binging behavior that extends beyond EtOH to other tastants (i.e., sucrose and artificial sweeteners), and has implications for the study of the neuropharmacology of binge drinking.

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“…The strong affective and rewarding appeal of sweet taste may be a primary reason why sweet-tasting foods and drinks are eaten in excess, independent of the body's need for energy. Specifically, upon arrival of the sweetness-specific afferent signal from the periphery (e.g., mouth, gut) to the brain, dopaminergic pathways are activated causing an increased release of striatal dopamine [10] that is known to mediate the rewarding effects of food ingestion [11]. Operating in concert with dopaminergic neurons [12], a role of opioids in signaling the hedonic pleasure elicited from sweetness has been strongly supported in both the animal [13] and human literature e.g., in [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sweet-Liking on Body Composition Depend on Age and Lifestyle: A Challenge to the Simple Sweet-Liking—Obesity Hypothesis

et al. 2020

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Taste hedonics drive food choices, and food choices affect weight maintenance. Despite this, the idea that hyper-palatability of sweet foods is linked to obesity development has been controversial for decades. Here, we investigate whether interpersonal differences in sweet-liking are related to body composition. Healthy adults aged 18–34 years from the UK (n = 148) and the US (n = 126) completed laboratory-based sensory tests (sucrose taste tests) and anthropometric measures (body mass index; BMI, body fat; fat-free mass; FFM, waist/hips circumferences). Habitual beverage intake and lifestyle and behavioural characteristics were also assessed. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we classified participants into three phenotypes: sweet liker (SL), sweet disliker (SD), and inverted-U (liking for moderate sweetness). Being a SD was linked to higher body fat among those younger than 21 years old, while in the older group, SLs had the highest BMI and FFM; age groups reflected different levels of exposure to the obesogenic environment. FFM emerged as a better predictor of sweet-liking than BMI and body fat. In the older group, sweetened beverage intake partially explained the phenotype–anthropometry associations. Collectively, our findings implicate underlying energy needs as an explanation for the variation in sweet-liking; the moderating roles of age and obesogenic environment require additional consideration.

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Sugar Addiction: From Evolution to Revolution

Cited by 83 publications

References 287 publications

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Effects of naltrexone on alcohol, sucrose, and saccharin binge-like drinking in C57BL/6J mice: a study with a multiple bottle choice procedure

Effects of Sweet-Liking on Body Composition Depend on Age and Lifestyle: A Challenge to the Simple Sweet-Liking—Obesity Hypothesis

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