Suffer the restless children: the evolution of ADHD and paediatric stimulant use, 1900—80

Mayes, Rick; Rafalovich, Adam

doi:10.1177/0957154x06075782

Cited by 46 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Over 30 years before ADHD was officially classified as a mental health condition, Dr. Charles Bradley reported stimulants as an effective treatment to calm “hyperactive” behavior and increase scholastic perform in children (Bradley 1937). The introduction of Ritalin in the 1950s, followed by FDA approval for its use to treat ADHD in 1961, established pharmaceutical treatments as the primary intervention for ADHD (Breggin 2001; Mayes and Rafalovich, 2007). However, the past two decades have been especially contentious because of the sharp rise in ADHD diagnoses and associated growth in consumption of stimulant medications, both in the United States and internationally (Singh 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focusing on Cause or Cure? Priorities and Stakeholder Presence in Childhood Psychiatry Research

Milner

Cho

2014

AJOB Empirical Bioethics

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Background Biomedical research is influenced by many factors, including the involvement of stakeholder groups invested in research outcomes. Stakeholder involvement in research efforts raise questions of justice as their specific interests and motivations play a role in directing research resources that ultimately produce knowledge shaping how different conditions (and affected individuals) are understood and treated by society. This issue is highly relevant to child psychiatry research where diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies are often controversial. Biological similarities and stakeholder differences between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) provide an opportunity to explore this issue by comparing research foci and stakeholder involvement in these conditions. Methods A subset of ADHD and ASD research articles published between 1970-2010 were randomly selected from the PubMed database and coded for research focus, funding source(s), and author-reported conflicts of interest (COIs). Chi-square analyses were performed to identify differences between and within ADHD and ASD research across time. Results The proportion of ADHD research dedicated to basic, description, and treatment research was roughly similar and remained stable over time, while ASD research showed a significant increase in basic research over the past decade. Government was the primary research funder for both conditions, but for-profit funders were a notable presence in ADHD research, while joint-funding efforts between non-profit and government funders were a notable presence in ASD research. Lastly, COIs were noted more frequently in ADHD than in ASD research. Conclusions Our study shows significant differences in research foci and funding sources between the conditions, and identifies the specific involvement of for-profit and non-profit groups in ADHD and ASD, respectively. Our findings highlight the relationship between stakeholders outside the research community and research trajectories and suggest that examinations of these relationships must be included in broader considerations of biomedical research ethics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focusing on Cause or Cure? Priorities and Stakeholder Presence in Childhood Psychiatry Research

Milner

Cho

2014

AJOB Empirical Bioethics

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“…Sufferers experience relief from personal guilt when they learn that their problem is a medical and treatable one, whereas critics call out the process as disease-mongering. Medicalisation processes of this kind have been the subjects of some of the most heated sociomedical debates of the postwar era: think of Ritalin and attention-deficit disorder,1 or sildenafil and erectile dysfunction 2…”

Section: Distress Disease Desire: Perspectives On the Medicalisatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Distress, disease, desire: perspectives on the medicalisation of premature ejaculation

2017

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The discovery that certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors delay ejaculation and the later development and approval of dapoxetine as an on-demand treatment option has led to a dramatic increase in medical interest in premature ejaculation. This paper analyses the diagnostic criteria and the discussion within the medical community about suitable treatments against the backdrop of theories of science, sex and gender. Our conclusion is that the diagnosis itself and the suggested treatments contribute to normative models of sexual conduct and therefore reinforce the norms that cause patients' distress over ejaculating 'too soon'.

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“…According to some authors (Barkley, 2006;Goldstein, 2006), this increase may be because of a legitimate rise in the incidence of ADHD, broader awareness of the disorder, better detection of ADHD cases or improved access to health resources. According to other authors, the rise in psychiatric diagnoses and medication use may be influenced by sociocultural changes, as the history of psychiatric diagnoses is a reflection of people's engagement with contextualised discourses and practices (Lakoff, 2000;Breggin, 2002;Timimi et al, 2004;Mayes and Rafalovich, 2007). Thus, 'the interpretation and classification of behaviour is culturally and historically embedded' (Singh, 2008, p. 961).…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Risky and at-risk subjects: The discursive positioning of the ADHD child in the Italian context

2013

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common diagnosis given to children. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the diagnosis of ADHD and in methylphenidate use. This research analyses the discursive construction of ADHD in the Italian context, focusing on the positioning of the child. The study addresses the discourses of the key adults who interact with the child, analysing professional, scholarly and parental discourses. Regarding the theoretical and methodological framework, this study integrates a discourse analysis approach with positioning theory. The discourse and psychological framing of 'risk' pervades the structuring of participants' narratives, which position the child as at-risk, and risky, in body and mind. The three groups of participants in this study articulated the notion of risk in different, but overlapping, ways. For mental health professionals, children are likely to develop serious psychiatric conditions; for teachers, children mainly represent a potential threat and danger to other children and the school's social order; for parents, the child is susceptible to becoming an 'out-of-society' individual in the future. The notion of risk operates as a regulatory device, leading from warning (picturing a possible future) to action (preventing this future), and implies the moral obligation to intervene and govern children in the name of risk.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common diagnosis given to children (Furman, 2005), and its behavioural spectrum includes inattention and hyperactivity/ impulsivity (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2000). In recent decades, there has been an escalation in the diagnosis of ADHD (Schmitz et al, 2003; Pastor and Reuben, 2008;

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Suffer the restless children: the evolution of ADHD and paediatric stimulant use, 1900—80

Cited by 46 publications

References 37 publications

Focusing on Cause or Cure? Priorities and Stakeholder Presence in Childhood Psychiatry Research

Focusing on Cause or Cure? Priorities and Stakeholder Presence in Childhood Psychiatry Research

Distress, disease, desire: perspectives on the medicalisation of premature ejaculation

Risky and at-risk subjects: The discursive positioning of the ADHD child in the Italian context

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