Sudex cover crops can kill and stunt subsequent tomato, lettuce and broccoli transplants through allelopathy

Summers, Charles G.; Mitchell, Jeffrey P.; Prather, Timothy S.; Stapleton, J. J.

doi:10.3733/ca.v063n01p35

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…All plots were regularly drip irrigated and fertilized (17-0-0% of N-P-K) every 2 weeks. Vegetable plants were transplanted into the beds as described by Summers et al (2009). Following the vegetable crop harvests, all weeds from a 0.093 m 2 area were harvested on 29 November, dried and weighed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The soil type was Hanford fine sandy loam (Typic Xerorthents), and experiments were done in conjunction with vegetable crop transplant experiments, according to methodology described previously (Summers et al 2009). In Experiment 1 (1999), raised planting beds, 102 cm between centers, were formed and pre-planting fertilizer (15-15-15% of N-P-K) was incorporated to a depth of 15 cm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, many of the synthesized antibiotics used in human and animal medicine were originally discovered as secondary metabolites of various microorganisms. Although potentially useful levels of pesticidal activity have been demonstrated from certain poaceous plants and from their decomposing residues, the broad range of these toxic properties also has resulted in undesirable instances of phytotoxicity to subsequent crops (Guenzi et al 1967;Summers et al 2009;Waddington 1978;Weston et al 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also reported that cover cropping with a sorghumsudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x Sorghum sudanense (P.) Stapf. = "sudex"] was detrimental to subsequent tomato, lettuce and broccoli transplants because of allelopathic phytotoxicity (Summers et al 2009). Indeed, various Sorghum spp., such as sudex, grain sorghum, sudangrass and johnsongrass (S. halepense L.), have been shown to inhibit emergence or development of a broad range of annual and perennial crop species (Forney and Foy 1985;Geneve and Weston 1988;Iyer 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experiments, conducted at two temperature regimens, evaluated survival and activity of the nematode plant pathogen Meloidogyne incognita, and the fungal pathogens Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium ultimum, following exposure to cultivated wheat, barley, oat and triticale residues in soil. Furthermore, we conducted field experiments to test effects of sudex cover crop plants, previously shown to be deleterious to vegetable crop transplants (Summers et al 2009), for weed control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deleterious activity of cultivated grasses (Poaceae) and residues on soilborne fungal, nematode and weed pests

et al. 2009

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Experiments were conducted in laboratory bioreactors and in field plots to test effects of certain cultivated members of the grass family (Poaceae = Gramineae), including wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Yolo), barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. UC337), oats (Avena sativa cv. Montezuma), triticale (X Triticosecale), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x S. sudanense = "sudex", cv. Green Grazer V) for soil disinfestation potential. Soilborne pest organisms tested for effects on survival and activity included the phytopathogens Sclerotium rolfsii, Pythium ultimum and Meloidogyne incognita, and a variety of weed taxa. Following soil amendment, bioreactors were incubated for 7 days at ambient (23°C) or elevated, but sublethal (38°C day/27°C night), soil heating regimens. Addition of each of the poaceous amendments to soil at 23°C resulted in inconsistently reduced tomato root galling (49-97%) by M. incognita, or reduced recovery of S. rolfsii and P. ultimum (0-100%) fungi in soil, after 7 days' incubation (P ≤ 0.05). When the organisms were exposed to the poaceous soil amendments at the 38 o / 27 o temperature regimen, nematode galling and recovery of active fungi were consistently and significantly reduced by 98-100%. These results demonstrated feasibility of soil disinfestation ("biofumigation") by activity of poaceous amendments, further aided by combining plant residues with soil heating (e.g. solarization). Results from three field experiments with sudex cover crops, conducted throughout the growing season, demonstrated biocidal activity on a range of weedy plants, including Amaranthus retroflexus, Calandrinia ciliata, Cerastium arvense, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli and Poa annua. Both shoots and roots of sudex provided allelopathic weed biomass reductions of 35-100%, and for at least 106 days after shredding. Deleterious activity of shredded residues incorporated in soil was less persistent. These properties in poaceous crops can be useful for soil disinfestation;

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%