Sudan dyes: are they dangerous for human health?

Abstract

Azo and diazo compounds include Sudan dyes, which were widely used in industry. Although they are not permitted in food, they had been found contaminating different food products and their presence is investigated regularly (since 2003) in these products. Sudan III, as well as Sudan Black B, was included in different laboratory techniques for tissue ceroid and lipofucsin analysis and blood-cell staining. Also, Sudan Black B has been recently included in in vivo evaluations in human beings (through oral intake), and Sudan III is still allowed in cosmetics. These azo dyes were metabolized to possible carcinogenic colorless amines, both in the liver of mammalians and by the micro flora present in human skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Both human and laboratory animal cytochrome P450s (CYPs) were able to oxidize Sudan I, whereas Sudan III modified CYP activities. In vitro genotoxic effects were reported for Sudan I, and some DNA adducts formed through exposure to its metabolites were identified. Sudan I was also found to be carcinogenic in the rat, but not in the mouse. The aim of the present review is to put together the most relevant information concerning Sudan dye uses and toxicity to provide some tools for the identification of the risk they represent for human health.

Future perspectives in Orbitrap™-high-resolution mass spectrometry in food analysis: a review

“…Adulteration can in some instances become a serious food Downloaded by [New York University] at 06:32 11 June 2015 M a n u s c r i p t 21 safety issue e.g. with melamine adulteration of milk (Kirti & Manish, 2010), and the addition of illegal dyes to spices (Fonovich, 2013). In other cases such as the addition of horsemeat to other meat products (Premanandh, 2013), the concern is less about safety but more about economic fraud together with cultural issues concerning consumption of horsemeat.…”

Fabrication of Complex 3D Fluidic Networks via Modularized Stereolithography

“…First, as the structures are printed layer‐by‐layer, undesired polymerization of photoresin from the subsequent illuminations may clog the channels (Figure S1B–D, Supporting Information) . The use of molecular dyes to the photoresin as photoabsorbers may alleviate this problem, although the small molecule additives can compromise the biocompatibility of the channels . Second, evacuating the unpolymerized photoresins from the channel void may be challenging, especially with the fluidic networks with multiple branches (Figure S1E,F, Supporting Information).…”

“…[6] The use of molecular dyes to the photoresin as photoabsorbers may alleviate this problem, although the small molecule additives can compromise the biocompatibility of the channels. [5,6,14] Second, evacuating the unpolymerized photoresins from the channel void may be challenging, especially with the fluidic networks with multiple branches ( Figure S1E,F, Supporting Information). Despite the potential merits to fabricate microchannels with SL printing, these challenges have limited the attainability of 1) channel dimensions and 2) complexity in fluidic network printed by SL.…”

Effect of Operating Parameters on Electrochemical Discoloration of Acid Blue 1 on BDD Electrode

“…Different chemical classes of dyes are frequently employed on industrial scale, such as azo, anthraquinone, sulfur, indigo, and triphenylmethyl derivatives. Due to large-scale production and extensive application, synthetic dyes can cause considerable environmental pollution, and are serious health-risk factors [1][2][3][4]. For this reason, there is a need to apply powerful methods to ensure the complete discoloration and degradation of dyestuffs and their metabolites present in the spent dyeing baths.…”